318 THE entomologist's record. 



1830. In it FaLricius created fort^'-one genera, but did not group tliem 

 into families. A great many of the generic names whicli are in use to-day 

 had their origin in this Avork. Such are Apatxira, Limenitis, Ci/nthia, 

 Vanessa, Ilipparchia, Artjt/vnis, Pontia, Col/as, MeJitcea, Lyccma, ThecJa, 

 Thjmcle and Pauiphlla. The Bh;es and Coppers were united in the 

 genus Lycci'na, liut the Hair-streaks -were j^Laced in the distinct genus 

 Thecla. Tlie Skippers were divided into three genera, Thymele con- 

 taining tayes, and Pamplt'da the remainder of our indigenous species. 

 Hesperia was now used as the name of a genus the only British species 

 in which is hoetica. IMeanwhile Schrank, a Bavarian clergyman, had 

 been moving independently in the same direction. In his Fauna Boica, 

 published in 1801, he adopted the arrangement and groups of the 

 Vienna Catalogue, but gathered the latter into five named genera, with 

 sub-genera indicated by letters. The Skippers he called Eri/nnis ; the 

 Papilionids Pien's ; the Satyrs (with iris), Manlola ; the Nymphs,. 

 PapiJio ; and the Lyca?nids, Ciipido. 



Latreille, whose influence upon classification has been very greats 

 next demands our attention, and it is well to bear in mind his intimate 

 relations with Fabricius. In 1805, he applied to the butterflies as a 

 whole the name of Diurna and divided them into eight genera, placing the 

 Nymplialids first under the name Ni/mj/halis. His next genus does not 

 concern us; then folloAved Danaida (arcJnppns) ; Papilio, ^^'hic\l he Avas 

 the first to restrict to the Swallow-tails ; Parnassius (apoUo) ; Pieris 

 (Whites and Yellows) ; Pohjommahis (L^'ca^nids) and Hesjieria (all the 

 Skippers). Four years later, still maintaining the same arrangement, 

 he constituted two families which he named Papdionides and Hesperides, 

 the latter limited to the Skipjiers. He also gave elaborate indications 

 for the breaking ujj of his larger genera and introduced some of the 

 Fabrician names, and in addition substituted Danaus, which, in the 

 Encydopedie 3Iethodiqne, (1819), was altered to Danais, for Danaida.. 

 In the next year (1810), in his Considerations GeneraJes, he completely 

 altered the arrangement and placed the Pa})ilionids first, followed by 

 Danaus, the Xymphalids and the Lycasnids, the Skippers remaining at 

 the end ; to this arrangement he adhered in his later works. In this 

 work Satyrus ajjpears for the first time as the generic name of the 

 Satyrs. Jn 1815, in the ninth volume of the Edinburgh Encyclopcedia, 

 we reach the next British contribution. This was the work of Dr. 

 Leach, who ultimately became Assistant Keeper of the Natural History 

 Department of the British Museum. Leach adopted Latreille's second 

 plan as his model, but in Samouelle's Useful Compendium, ijublished four 

 years later, the names of the two main grouj^s are changed, on his 

 authority, into the form to which we are now accustomed as the design- 

 ation of families PaptilionidiV and Hesperidiv. Pajjdionida' he further 

 divided into PapiUonida and Lyccenida. In his use of generic names he 

 followed Fabricius rather than Latreille, but he was the first, after 

 Harris, to place rliaiuni in a distinct genus, for which he established the 

 name Gonepteryx. 



The year 181G was memorable in the history of classification, having, 

 witnessed the pviblication of no less than three important contributions 

 to the subject. One of these Avas by Ochsenheimer, another by a 

 Swedish doctor named Dalman, and the third, the most important of all, 

 by Jacob Hiibner. Ochsenheimer did not gi'oup his genera in any Ava}^ 

 His arrangement Avas : — Nymphs, Satyrs, Lycaenids, Papilionids,. 



