THE HISTORY OF BUTTERFLY CLASSIFICATION. 319' 



Skippers. He divided the genus Vanessa into three families, placing 

 cardui and atalanta in A and the rest of our species in B, and although 

 he still included all the Satyrs in the single genus Hipparchia, he 

 divided this into families which pretty nearly agree with our present 

 generic distriljutiou. Dalman, adopting Latreille's two main groups, 

 divided the first into two unnamed sections ; the first of these com- 

 prises the Nymphalids, the second the Papilionids and Lyca?nids. 

 The first section is in two divisions, corresponding with (a) Nymphs, 

 (b) Satyrs ; the second in three, corresponding Avith (a) Swallow-tails, 

 (b) Whites and Yellows, (c) Lycaenids, the latter being all included in 

 the genus ZepJiijrus, which, however, has three named sub-divisions ; 

 these are Aurotis (Haii'-streaks), Heodes (Coppers with rabi), and 

 Cyani'ris (Blues), the latter being in two sub-sections. Dalman partly 

 adopted Fabrician names for his genera, of which there were ten in all, 

 and partl}^ coined new ones ; of tlie latter, Erebia is the only one that 

 has come into general use. Hiibner, in his Verzeichniss bekannter 

 Schinetterlinge went in for a much more extensive creation of genera than 

 any of his predecessors or contemijoraries. He dealt witli some 1500 

 species, and as few of his genera contained more than five or six species 

 it will be evident that the number of them was very great. In the 

 case of the Satyrs, the eleven species which occur in Britain are 

 distributed over four families and ten genera. Hiibner's main divisions 

 were two in number ; Nymphales the ecjuivalent of the Nymphalids, 

 and Gentiles which included the rest. The Nymphales were divided into 

 nine, and the Gentiles into six named divisions called Stirpes, and these 

 were again sub-divided into families. The order of arrangement was : 

 Nymphs, Satyrs, Lj^ca^nids, Papilionids, Skippers. Hiibner was the 

 first to recognise the generic distinctness of hicina, for which he created 

 the genus Hameavis, but he still retained this among the Ni/nijjhales ; 

 he was also the first to break up the Satyrs, and to him we owe the 

 names Epinepjliele, Pararge, Arge, Enodia and C(hnonytnpha ; he placed 

 hyperanthus in a different family from ianira and titJionns, and went 

 further than Dalman, by establishing the separate genus Chrysop)hanus 

 for the Coppers ; he also anticipated Stephens b}" ten j-ears in placing 

 sinapis in a separate genus, to which he gave the name Leptosia. To 

 Hiibner also we are indebted for the names Pyranieis, Lampidex, Bithys, 

 Aporia, Euchloe, Nisoniad.es, Pyrgun, Cyclopides and Thymelicus. This 

 important work was not widely known at the time, and it was a quarter 

 of a century before it began to exert much influence, and then mostly 

 in this country, on generic nomenclature. It should he mentioned here 

 that Scudder gives reasons for thinking that it appeared in parts and 

 was not completed till 1827. 



In 1827, Swainson, in an article in the Philosophical Magazine, 

 insisted ujjon the importance of taking the characters of the pupa 

 into account in determining the natural affinities of the Diurna, 

 and established five families thus arranged : Nyniphalidce, Papilionidie, 

 Hesperidie, Polyomniatidie (equivalent to the Lyccenida of Leach) and 

 Heliconidce, the last not containing any British species. In the 

 following year Horsfield, an American who had formed a fine collection 

 in Java, published a catalogue of his lej^idoptera. He also divided 

 his butterflies into five groups which he called Stirpes and 

 arranged them Lycaenids, Papilionids, Nymphs, Sat^a-s, Skipj^ers. In 

 1827-8 Stephens in his Illnstrations of British Entomology adopted 



