320 THE entomologist's kecoed. 



Swainson's four families, substituting the name Lycamidce for 

 the Polyommatida' of that author, and ahering the arrangement to 

 PapUionidLV, Nymplialidce, Lyccenklce, Hesj^eridce. In the main he used 

 the same generic names as Leach, but separated crakegi from tlie other 

 "Whites, adopting Schrank's name Pieris for it ; he united daplidice and 

 cardamines in the genus Mancipinm, attributing tlie name to Hiibner, 

 with whose Verzeichniss, however, he was not at that time acquainted. 

 He created the genera Leucophasia for sinapns, and Nemeobius for lucina, 

 which, however, he still retained in the NympjliaUdce, restricted Lyccena 

 to the Coppers and Pohjommatus to the Blues, and adopted the Fabrician 

 genera for the Skij)j)ers, shifting molvce, however, to Thjmde. 1829 

 was again a prolific 3'ear, Curtis in this country, Meigen in Germany, 

 and, more important than either, Boisduval in France, having published 

 systematic lists therein. Curtis in the main agTeed with Stephens but 

 did not group the genera into families, and made the Satyrs precede the 

 Nymphs. He placed hicina, for which he used Hiibner's name Hamearis, 

 at the end of the Nymphs and adopted one genus only for the Skippers. 

 The point of interest about Meigen is that he was the first, after 

 Hiibner, to divide the Satyrs, creating the genus Melanartjia for galathea 

 and other kindred species, and applying Schrank's name Maniola to the 

 rest. Boisduval, like Latreille, made several experiments in classifica- 

 tion ; he was one of those who recognised that a scientific scheme must 

 be based uj^on a consideration of all the stages of the insect, and not 

 merely upon the superficial characteristics of the imago. In the Index 

 Methodicus of 1829, he in the main followed Latreille, making, 

 however, three main groups instead , of two : — PapUionidi, Nymplialidi 

 and Hesperidi. In ] 832, he created the genus Steropes into which he 

 afterwards placed pam'scns. In 1833, he coined the name Rhodocera 

 for rhamni, rejecting Leach's earlier name on the ground of its simi- 

 larity to Gonoptera. In the Icones Historiqnes published 1832-4, he 

 substituted the name RJtopalocera, the Frcncli equivalent of which had 

 been j^roposed by Dumeril in 1SU6, for the Diurna of Latreille. In 

 this work he changed the names of his three main groups to Succincti, 

 Pendidi and Involnti, names derived from the mode of pupation. 

 Succincti is divided into PapUionidi and Lyccniidi; Penduli into Danaidi, 

 Nymphalidi and Satyridi ; whilst Involnti is constituted of the single 

 tribe Hesperidi. As regards generic names, he restricted Polyommatus 

 to the Coppers, and used Argus for the Blues ; Satyridi was divided 

 into Arge (galathea), Erehia (jnedea and epiphron) and Satyrus ; in 

 Hesperidi he created the genera SyricJitus and Thanaos. The first 

 volume of the Histoire Naturelle (1836), tlie only one published by 

 Boisduval, marks the establishment of the distinct tribes Pierides and 

 Erycinides, the latter lieing the first recogiiition of the profoinid difference 

 between lucind and the insects with which it had hitherto been classed. 

 In this work also the genus Anthoeharis was created for car(?(ni;/yu's. The 

 changes introduced in his later work, the Genera et Index 2Iethodicus 

 (184U), are the creation of the tribe Apaturides, and the substitution of 

 Lyccena for Arg^ls as the generic name of the Blues ; indications are 

 also given for the sub-division of many of the genera. Boisdiival nowhere 

 shows any sign of acquaintance with Hiibner's Verzeichniss. In 1837, 

 Donzel, a French entomologist, separated cratir-gi from the other Whites, 

 one of his grounds for so doing being the fact that, whilst in them the 

 male carried the female during copulation, in crataegi the reverse 



