THE HISTORY OF BUTTERFLY CLASSIFICATION. 321 



obtained. He coined the name Leuconea for the separated species. 

 In 1840, in his Introduction to the Modern Classification of Insects, 

 Westwood adopted the two main divisions of Latreille but renamed 

 them Nudi and Involuti from their pupal characteristics. Nudi was 

 divided into five families: I. Papdionidce, sub-divided into Papilionides aud 

 Pierides ; II. Heliconidce ; HI. Ni/nn)halida^, sub-divided into Nymphalides 

 and Hipparchiides ; IV. Erycinidce ; V. Lyca'nidce. As regards 

 generic names, he in the main followed Stephens, but separated cardwi 

 from the Vanessas under the Fabrician name Cynthia, and used Hiibner's 

 name Hamearis for lucina. In Westwood and Humphrey's British 

 Butterflies (1841), Euchloe a,nd Aporia were adojjted, and the Satyrs were 

 Ijroken up into Arge ; Lasiommata, anew genus created for inegcera and 

 (egeria ; Hipparchia ; Ccenonympha and Oreina, which replaced the 

 older Erebia. Chrysophanus was substituted for Lyccena as the generic 

 name of the Coppers, and the Skippers were thus arranged : Pyrgus 

 (incdviv). Nisoniades (tages), Cyclopides (paniscus), Pamphila {comma, <&c.) 

 The influence of Hiibner's Verzeichniss is very evident in this latter 

 work. 



In 1848 Herrich-Schaeffer in his Systematische Bearheitung divided 

 the Ehopalocera into nine families, which are arranged in the following 

 order : — Nymphalidie, Danaidoi, Satyridce, Libytheidce, Erycinidie, Fieridce, 

 Lyccenidce, Papilionidoi, Hesperidce. Tlie Satyridce were broken up into, 

 the following genera : — Arge, Erebia, Satyrus (semele), Epinephele 

 (hyperanthus, titlionus, ianira), Coenonympha and Pararge, which he- 

 spells Pararga (megoira and cegeria). Herrich-Schaeffer included 

 crataegi with the other whites in Pieris, but placed daplidice in 

 Anthocharis with cardamines ; he applied Lyccena to the Blues, and 

 Polyommatus to the Coppers, and placed all the Skippers in the single 

 genus Hesperia. He was the first to follow Hiibner in placing semele 

 in a separate genus. There is a later work of Herrich-Schaeffer, the 

 Prodromus Systematis Lepidop>terorum, in which a much more elaborate 

 classification is set forth. 



In 1844 Duponchel published a Catalogue Methodique des Lepidopteres 

 d'Europe. He adhered to Latreille's two main gi-oups, but divided the 

 first into two sections, section 1 comprising the ti'ibes Danaidoe, 

 Argynnidce, Vanessidce, Libytheidw, Nymphalidce (restricted to Limenitis 

 and Apatura) and Satyridce ; whilst section 2 was comjiosed of tribes 

 Papilionidai, Parnassidce, Pieridce, Ehodoceridce, Lyccenidce and Erycinidce. 

 Duponchel expressed his preference for the characters of the imago as 

 the basis of classification, and his disagreement with Boisduval's 

 practice of taking the other stages of the life history into consideration. 

 It will be noticed that he placed the Nymphalids first. In 1846 

 Edward Doubleday began, in conjunction with Hewitson, tlie publica- 

 tion of the Genera of Diurncd Lepidopdera, which was completed after 

 his death by Westwood, the final part appearing in August, 1852. 

 Doubleday established fifteen families, of which those containing 

 British species Avere thus arranged : — Papilionidce, Pieridce, Danaidce, 

 Nymphalidce, Satyridce, Erycinidce, Lyccenidce, Hesperidce. He separated 

 c-album from the Vanessas, adoj^ting for it the name Grapta, which had 

 been given as a generic name to an allied American species by Rev. 

 Wm. Kirby in 1837 ; atalanta and cardui were placed together in 

 another genus, to which Hiibner's name Pyrameis was applied. He 

 followed Westwood in using Chrysophanus for the Coppers, but jjreferred 

 Lyccena to Polyommatus for the Blues. 



