THE HISTORY OF BUTTERFLY CLASSIFICATION. 323 



daviis and j)nm}jhilus what, according to Kirby (E. M. M., viii., p. 42), 

 was only a MS. name of Guenee's, Chortohius was adojited. I have 

 never met with this name in any other systematic work, and in his 

 later supplement Doubleday replaced it by Cceaonympha. In 1861 

 Staudinger's first catalogue was published, but as there is no substantial 

 difference, from our present point of view, between it and the second, 

 it may be passed over. In the same year Bates " of the Amazon " 

 propounded his views of classification in the Journal of Entomology. 

 He maintained that the differences between the existing families were 

 of very unequal value ; that for example the difference between Pieridce. 

 and Pcqnlionkle was much less than that between either of them and 

 Hesperidce. He accordingly proposed to constitute five families, and to 

 subdivide three of them into sub-families witli names ending in ince. 

 In 1861 he arranged his families thus — Hesperidce, PapUionidoe, 

 Li/ccenidce, Eryciaidct} and Nymphalidoi. Three years later, in what he 

 speaks of as a more matured plan, the arrangement is exactly reversed. 

 He divided Nymphalidce into six sub-families, only three of which, 

 Danaince, Satyrince and Nymphalinos, contain British representatives ; 

 Erycintdce into three, and PapiUonidcB into two, Pierince and Papilionince. 

 In 1867 he recast Erycintdce, and gave to that one of the three sub- 

 families which contains the solitary indigenous representative of the 

 family, lucina, the name of Nemeobiince. In 1869 A. G. Butler, in a 

 Catalocjue of the Insects described by Fabricius contained in the British 

 Museum, adopted Bates' system, but enlarged the number of sub- 

 families by dividing Lyccenidce into Lyccenince (Blues and Coppers) and 

 Theclince. In the Satyrince, semele and hyperanthns are placed together 

 in the genus Hipparchia but for the latter the sub-generic name Sutyrus is 

 used ; cegeria and megcera are in separate genera, Pararge being used for 

 cegeria and Amecera, a name introduced by the author two years 

 previously, for megcera. Nymphalince is divided into ten groups, of 

 which only Apaturce, Limenitides, Vanessides and Argynnides have British 

 representatives. Butler separated boeticns from our other Blues under 

 the Hiibnerian name Lampides, and used Lyccena for the remainder, and 

 Chrysophanus for the Coppers ; he divided the Hair-streaks into two 

 genera, Thecla being applied to qnercus and betuhe, and Bithys, another 

 Hiibnerian name, to the rest. He followed Westwood in adopting the 

 Hiibnerian Leptosia in place of Leiicophasia, and used Pamphila 

 (syleanus), Cyclopides (paniscm), Pyrgus (mcdvce), and Nisoniades 

 (tages). 



The year 1871 brings us to Newman, Staudinger and Kirby. New- 

 man adopted Boisduval's three main groups founded on the mode of pupa- 

 tion, but placed the Pendulce, which he called Suspensi, before the Succincti. 

 He divided his Suspensi into Spinigeri, those with spine-bearing cater- 

 pillars, and Limaciformes, those with slug shaped caterj^illars ; and his 

 Succincti into Onisciformes, those with wood-louse shaped caterpillars 

 and Cylindracei, those with cylindrical larvas. He also changed 

 Boisduval's name Involuti to Celantes, and combined the Erycinicle and 

 Lycaenidie in the same natural order. As regards generic names, Grapta 

 was used iov c-alhum, and Pyrameis for atalanta and cardui ; the Satyrid 

 genera are — Melanargia (Melanagria), the first instance of the name in 

 this country; Erebia ; Parage (Pyrarga) ; Satyr us (semele) ; Epinephele ; 

 and Coenonympha. Polyommatus was applied to the Coppers and Lyccena 

 to the Blues, bostica being, however, sejjarated under Lampides ; 



