20 THE entomologist's record. 



by a form in the exact genealogical line, but by forms which have 

 branched off at different stages, and which have gone longer or shorter 

 distances on their own paths. The great mass of our larger moths 

 (Macros), Sphinges, Bombyces, Noctuje, Geojietr.e, quite independently 

 of the Butterflies, have reached a very advanced point on this line, and 

 seem quite satisfied that it is as advanced as is necessary ; they liave 

 evolved a tolerably uniform and apparently very fixed type of pupa, iir 

 which the appendage-cases are firmly incorporated with the general 

 mass of the pupa, and in which complete solidity and rotundity are 

 wanting only in so far as that the 5th and 6tli abdominal segments 

 still retain the power of movement on those next to them. 



When we examine these piqiaB of the large moths, and those of the 

 Butterflies, more closely, we find that they agree throughout in certain 

 characteristics. Of these, the most notable are, that the wings and leg- 

 cases are fused into a mass which always includes the 4th abdominal 

 segment, neither more nor less, the margins of the wings and the ex- 

 tremities of the antenna? and of the third pair of legs usually reaching 

 to its hind margin ; whilst the next incision, that between the 4th and 

 5th abdominal segments possesses movement, except in those Butterflies 

 where mobility is entirely lost. We find also sundry other points of 

 importance. Firstly and chiefly, the appendages represented on the 

 surface are the Avings, antenna?, portions of the two anterior pairs 

 of legs, and rarely more than the extreme tips, and these often 

 wanting, of the hind pair ; but there is no sign of any mouth-part except 

 the maxilla? (proboscis) which are usually well developed ; true, tliere 

 are points representing the mandibles, and the labrum may be 

 identified with a portion of the head, but the labium with its palpi, as 

 well as the maxillary palpi, such marked features in 3Ticropteryx, are 

 entirely wanting. There is also wanting a part which we should not 

 perhaps think of looking for, until we had examined other forms of pupte 

 in which it is present, and that is the dorsal jjlate of the head segment. 

 Beginning at the bottom of the scale and tracing our way up to 

 these, we find a wide gap betAveen Micropteryx and the form that we 

 can at all regard as next lowest and the nearest to it. We may take 

 Nejjticida or Adela as representing such a form, though I do not wish 

 to suggest that these are very closely allied; rather, indeed, that 

 they (and possibly' others), though low in the line of evolution from 

 the primary form represented by Mlcropteryx, have already diverged 

 considerably from each other. Here we find head, thorax and ap- 

 pendages fused together into one mass with one or more of the 

 abdominal segments, but only loosely, so that they are easily separated 

 by a trifling amount of force and separate from each other, more or 

 less, when the imago emerges. At the hinder extremity we find the 

 last three segments, the 8th, 9th and 10th abdominal, fused into one 

 mass in the male pupa, whilst in the female the 7th is added. This 

 difference is no doul)t related to tlie difference in the number of seg- 

 ments wliich become hiddt'U in the imago within the then terminal 

 segment. 



The advance from this form seems to take the shape of an increase 

 in the number of abdominal segments that are incorporated in the 

 thoracic mass. Two segments are so incorporated in Adela and Nep- 

 ticula, throe in many Tine,e, PsYCHiDiE, Tortrices, as also in Cossus, 

 liepkilm, 6cq., and four in GracUaria and LithocoUetes. 



