128 THE entomologist's eecord. 



of that of Papilio, but differs in its metliod of suspension and 

 in the suppression of antero-posterior movement. The NymphaUdi 

 and Apaturidi have gone beyond Vanessa in developing various 

 remai-kable forms, but they retain the same degree of segmental 

 mobility. When we come to purely exotic sub-families I am sorry 

 that my material is so small. The Enploeinae (fig. 17) develop a remark- 

 able ridge across the third abdominal segment and lose freedom of 

 movement altogether, thus giving rise to remarkable forms as, for 

 instance, in the genus Euthalia, where this ridge and others are 

 developed in an extreme degree, forming sharp angles and making the 

 pupa not unlike, among pupse, what the larva of Hyhocampa milhauseri 

 is amongst larvae. In some instances of which I have seen specimens 

 and drawings there is apparentl}^ a mimicking of some, no doubt 

 unsavoury, Hemipteron, the pupa being fully exposed on a leaf. 



Char axes (fig. 21) is very close to the Enploeinae, and has no near 

 relationship to the Apaturidi or Nympjhalidi (White Admirals), which is 

 awkward, as Nymphalis is a generic name often used instead of 

 Charaxes. Charaxes has a very smooth rounded pupa, without move- 

 ment, and very like that of Enploea, deprived of its ridges and angles. 



In the Brassolinae (figs. 19-20) an even more remarkable condition 

 occurs. There appears to be no movement of any segment ; but the 

 intersegmental membrane of the hinder margin of the fourth 

 abdominal segment is much expanded, and forms a portion of the solid 

 surface of the pupa equal to about two-fifths of the whole segment ; 

 it looks, indeed, like a separate segment, especially on the ventral 

 surface, where the wing-margins reach to the true margins of the 

 segment but leave the additional portion uncovered. On the dorsal 

 line it is constricted, showing the arrangement characteristic of 

 Nymphalids for checking all but lateral movements, though, as a 

 matter of fact, no movement at all exists in this case. This incision 

 seems to open slightly, in some species, on dehiscence. A similar but 

 less obvious exposure of intersegmental membrane occurs along the 

 hind margins of the four following segments. Remarkable as this 

 structure is in this group, and associated as it is with complete loss of 

 movement, it is to be noted that the same advancement of interseg- 

 mental membrane to a permanent and fixed surface position is quite 

 plain, when looked for, even in Vauexsa and still more in Pyrameis ; 

 in fact it is, as a constant but not always prominent structural detail, 

 a feature of all butterfly pupae except those of the Lyca^nids (and 

 Hesperids) (figs. 1-2 Papdio). In the Pierids the marginal portion 

 sometimes looks more like a distinct subsegment than like a portion of 

 elaborated intersegmental membrane, and I am certainly not prepared 

 to be dogmatic as to its true nature. It comes, however, as a strong 

 support to the idea that the Lyctenids separated from the primitive 

 Papilionid as soon as (or almost before) the latter had evolved from 

 the Hesperids. 



Some species among the Brassolids (Dynastor, for example) have 

 the wing-cases expanded laterally like some Papilionids. 



When we come to the Lyccenids, we find that the jjupfe best 

 known to us agree with those of the Papilionids in their mode of 

 suspension, l)utin little else. They differ in being entirely solid, very 

 rounded, and squat ; in having the head curled under so as to be 

 ventral rather than anterior in position ; in not possessing the ir'iterseg- 



