NOTES ON BUTTERFLY PUP^, ETO. 120 



mental subsegment ; and in having no definite spines, horns, or 

 processes, but in possessing hairs and bristles. The Lifcnenidae 

 are usually divided into Lifcaeninae and Lemoniinae : I am inclined, 

 however, to think that we should substitute the name Lycaenida 

 for Li/caenidae and constitute two families Lycaenidae and Lemoniidae. 

 The latter should then be divided into sub-families. The mass of 

 the Lemoniidae, in a character to be presently alluded to, arc liigher 

 than the Lijcaenidae ; and yet it is amongst the former sub-family 

 (as at present constituted) that we must look to find the forms 

 nearest to the primeval, that is, forms with both the oth and 6th 

 abdominal segments movable. Some approach to this form I 

 happen to have seen in Emelami from South America (figs. 24-25-26). 

 There we have a pupa unmistakeably Lycaenid in the ventral position 

 of tlie head, in the squat broad outline, and in the liair-like character 

 of the spines, which latter, however, exist only on the ordinary 

 tubercles and not, as in the Lycaenidae, on the general surface also. 

 The second legs reach the eyes as in the Lemoniidae, but both the 5th 

 and 6th abdominal segments preserve movement. By this latter 

 feature, as well as by the spinous nature of the hairs, the ])upa sliows a 

 much nearer approach to the primary Papilionid form than does the 

 solid pupa of the Lycaenidae (figs. 27-28). There is no trace of 

 a marginal intersegmental subsegment. 



In the Lemoniidae, if we only had the material (apparently 

 abundant enough in 8. x\merica), we might expect to find at least 

 certain stages of the progress from the primeval buttertiy to Euselasia 

 and certainly forms intermediate between the latter and the Nemeobiidi, 

 which in solidity, hairs, and general form differs little from 

 LycEeniues. 



The Lycaenidae apparently made a short cut to a high form. This 

 is to be taken less as my view of the facts, than as an expression of 

 my ignorance of any of the possibly still, but no doubt once, existing 

 intermediate forms with mobility of segments. The jjupa? of all 

 the genera are very close together, very rounded and solid, but 

 preserve the Papilionid arrangement of the leg-cases ; the Lemoniidae, 

 so far as the few whicli I have examined go, have attained the 

 Nymphalid arrangement. This point in the structure of butterfiy 

 pupte, which seems to be of some importance, is one u[)on which I am 

 sorry to say that I have only a few notes of pupas that I have 

 examined but not possessed, so that I speak here from a smaller basis 

 even than elsewhere. In all butterflies (including some Hesjoerids) tlie 

 area between the head and antennae is occupied by the maxillfe 

 (proboscis) and the 1st and 2nd pairs of legs, and by these only. 

 The point to which I wish to call attention, is as to the relative 

 position of the two pairs of legs. In the Fapilionids and Pierids the 

 Ist leg at its base extends from the maxilla on tlie inner side to the 

 antenna on the outer, and so cuts off the 2nd leg from approaching 

 the head (figs. 2-4). In the Nym})lialids the 2nd leg extends upwards 

 and reaches the eyes (head), and so cuts off the 1st from reaching the 

 antenna? (figs. 13, 16, IS, 20). We may here frame a pretty little 

 hypotliesis that this is the natural result of the atrophy of the ist })air 

 of legs in the Nymplialid imago ; and that this is no doubt an element in 

 the case, is confirmed wiien we notice liow small tlie 1st pair of legs 

 becomes in some Satyrids — hyperanlhns (fig. 22), for example. But 



