SCIENTIFIC NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. 255 



larger than the rest, and the spiracular line the most marked of all, 

 and the dorsal spots somewhat pear-shaped, with the small end sharpish. 

 The pupje are, seven red or of E. siibfidcata coloration, one brown with 

 green wing-cases or of E. succenturiata coloration, and, moreover, the latter 

 is decidedly larger than the other pupa?. Last year I had five or six 

 E. mhfulvata, and one E. siuroituriata. I carefully searched the 

 plant by day, but found no larvte on it, and there were certainly none 

 " stretched out and exposed," as Mr. Sheldon describes. So far my 

 experience is much the same as it was last year, with the addition of 

 having separated the insects in the pupal stage. — Kichakd Freer, M.B., 

 Rugeley, Staflbrdshire. 



External p.\rasites of larv^. — Referring to the "current note" on 

 this subject [ante., p. 114), I found in 1894, on an alder leaf, alarva of 

 Onjyia antiqua, with similar parasites arranged along its sides, seven 

 on one side and four on the other, looking like greatly swollen 

 claspers. The description given by the Rev. T. A. Marshall (Ibid), 

 applies perfectly to these, except as to the colour ; mine were cream 

 colour or light yellow, not grass-green. I still have the imagines (or 

 some of them) which emerged from these parasites, and if any of your 

 subscribers would like to have them, so as to identify them, you are 

 very welcome to them. Their bodies are brilliant metallic green, 

 with pale yellow legs. Though badly preserved, they would probably 

 be still recognisable. — J. Wolfe, Skibbereen, Eebruanj 7th, 1896. 



Protracted pupal period of Papilio siachaon, Zyg.ena trifolii and 

 Z. FiLiPKNDULiE. — Mr. Porritt sent me twelve larvfe of P. machaon. 

 These in due time became pupae, and six imagines emerged the 

 following year, three the next, two the following, and the remaining 

 pupa was alive and healthy the next spring, but was crushed by 

 accident. Amongst other species not generally thought to stand over 

 in the pupal stage I have bred Zijijaena tnfulii and Z. jilipendulae 

 from pupae which have gone on to a second year. — S. Webb, Dover. 

 February, 1896. 



Erratic emergences of P. jiachaon. — Referring to my note on P. 

 macluuni [ante., p. 18-4), the other pupa, bred from the Qgg found at 

 Wicken in June, 1894, disclosed its imago early in December, a good- 

 sized, perfect and well-marked insect. Eggs, larvae and pupje have all 

 the time been kept in my study, which has a fire every day in winter or 

 every dull, damp or chilly day in summer, and they have been near the 

 window, not near the fire nor in the sun. — E. C. Studd, M.A., 

 B.C.L., F.E.S. February, 1896. 



The type of Agronoma. — I have taken (in my Bremen List, 1895) 

 calliyera [cestiyialis) as the type oi Ai/ronniiia, but this seems incorrect, 

 the species being stated by Mr. John B. Smith to agree with the sub- 

 genus Ayrutis in not having heavily armed tibiae nor a roughened or 

 tuberculate front. Hlibner's genus contains crassa, curnua (tritici), 

 ralliyera and e.rcla)natio)iis, and is evidently proposed for species allied 

 to those separated under Eeltia, Walk., in the " Revision," I have no 

 longer access to the material examined by me in 1893-4 in Bremen, 

 but I have carefully studied in the Museum here specimens of traasa. 

 The fore tibiae are heavily armed, the front roughened or tuberculate, 

 the male antennae pectinate. '■' Craam is the type, then, of Ayrunuma, 



* Other species probably belonging here, which I have not yet examined, are 

 Qhesa, exclamationis and corticea, perhaps also yrasUni and fatidica. 



