NOTES ON THE EARLY STAGES OF SOME BRITISH BUTTERFLIES. 5 



hangs. [Hellins states that " the tail ends in a short, stout, curved 

 spike, on the top of which are a few straight, feeble bristles, quite 

 unfit for suspending it ; on the ventral surface, close to this spike, is 

 a scutcheon of a somewhat rounded form, with a centi'al cicatrice, 

 and on the front edge two little projecting knobs, which, with the 

 spikes, no doubt keep a hold on the cast larva skin. The colour is 

 green, with some brown spots and lines. Boisduval has figured the 

 pupa suspended by the naked anal spike, but I do not think that can be 

 correct" [Larrac of Brit . Butts., p. 1G7) .] I reared fully thirty last summer, 

 and a few before, and I do not remember that one of them dropped. 

 I had also several (20) pupte of 7'.'. tit/umus, two or three of which did 

 drop. The larva of E. iaiiira is occasionally brown in colour, but 

 not so dark as the larva of K. tithonus. 



Enodia Iii/peranthus. — I have three or four times found larv;e of 

 K. hi/jicraiit/iKs in early summer, and once ("94:-"95) reared a single 

 specimen from the egg. All pupated in a cup-shaped hollow in the 

 moss I provided, and I did not notice any cocoon. I thought them 

 very hardy ; I never lost one. They fed and showed themselves 

 only at night, but did not seem to avoid lamplight. The one I had 

 fed occasionally all through the winter, as did also some larvae of 

 7'. f'f/t'iia I had with it. Some of the latter died, the others pupated 

 and emerged much earlier than those outside, l^ut the K. In/pcrant/tus 

 appeared very little before its fellows [Compare this with Knt. Fiec, 

 vol. vii., p. 258. — Ed.] . 



T/u'cla rubi. — I had one larva of T. nthi last summer, found and 

 fed upon heath blossoms (Erica tctrali.v). It pupated in a chip-box ; 

 the pupa was attached to the side of the box, but the silken threads 

 broke very easily when I wanted to remove it. 



The Resting Habit of Insects as exhibited in the Phenomena of 

 Hybernation and ;€stivation. 



By W. F. De VISMES KANE, M.A., F.E.S. 

 The interesting discussion started by Mr. Tutt on this subject has 

 elicited a series of papers from others, and in Dr. Dixey's article we 

 have had an admirable summary of the aspects of the general question. 

 He has also supplied a welcome supplementary exposition of Mr. 

 Tutt's position, which was not very clearly defined in the original 

 paper (a failure very unusual with him), namely, that his contention 

 was against the supposition that cold acted as the immediate stimulus 

 in inducing individual hybernation, and not, as I took it, impugning the 

 popular assumption that cold, directly or indirectly, originally induced 

 what is usually called the habit of hybernation, with its various atten- 

 dant phenomena. A portion of the paper which followed Mr. Tutt's, 

 written by me, was, therefore, it seems, unnecessarily occupied with 

 an attempt to show " a causal connection between cold and hyberna- 

 tion," that is, as I understood it, as an external factor which originated 

 the racial habit. I would now wish to add a few remarks on the dis- 

 cussion which has ensued, especially as some of the points I relied on 

 have been dealt with by Dr. Dixey in rather a summary manner. 

 Although I am perhaps rash in questioning anything put forward 

 by such an authority, I venture to doubt whether the present 

 state of biological science warrants such large and far-reaching 

 problems being disposed of so easily. Dr. Dixey takes exception to 



