RELATIONSHIP OF TtlK LOWKR LEPIDOPTErA WITH TRICHOPtERA, 27 



(5) The strange apodal larva. This division, then, presents also the Tri- 

 chopterid characters possessed by the Eriocephalides, both as regards 

 neuration and jugum. 



The only other Super-family of Lepidoptera known at present to 

 possess a jugum is Hepialides. It also exhibits the generalised form 

 of neuration characteristic of the Trichoptera, and hence, like the 

 Micropterygides and Eriocephalides, may be said to possess certain 

 Trichopterid characters. Hepialides, however, although preserving 

 these ancestral characters, has become exceedingly specialised in other 

 Avays, and, since the sum total of characters presented by a Super- 

 family must be considered as a whole in determining its position, this 

 Super-family must be placed far away from Micropterygides, with 

 which it shows no alliance except the general characters which both 

 have retained from the Trichopterid ancestors from which they originally 

 sprung. On these grounds, Packard has placed Hepialides in the 

 division Neo-Lepidoptera, and not with the Micropterygides in 

 Pal.eo-Lepidoptera. He says that the Hepialides should be placed 

 very near the base, although they present in their boring larval 

 habits, in the reduced maxillary and labial palpi, and the entire 

 absence of a haustellum and of mandibles, a considerable degree of 

 modification compared Avith the Micropterygidae. 



It will thus be observed that we have three Super-families of the 

 Lepidoptera which present close affinities with the Trichoptera, and 

 yet, considered from all points of their structure, bear no very close 

 relationship to each other. So little is yet known of the remarkable 

 Proto-Lepidoptera (Eriocephalides), that we can only follow Chap- 

 man and Packard in our consideration of them ; but Micropterygides 

 and Hepialides give us some tangible ground to go upon. 



Those entomologists who refuse to look at anything besides 

 neuration and wing peculiarities, have observed the striking resem- 

 blance of the neuration of these three otherwise unlike Super-families, 

 and when they have found this to be supported by the presence of 

 the jugum or yoke, by which the wings are held together, they have 

 immediately jumped to the conclusion that these Super-families are 

 in reality closely allied. On these grounds Comstock united them 

 into the Sub-order, Jugate, and Meyrick (on imaginal characters) 

 follows suit. Now it is easy to see that the whole value of the 

 characters, which have been worked out with so much care and 

 patience, are in danger of being entirely misunderstood. We have 

 already seen how Packard clears up what has been an actual, and 

 is still a probable, source of error ; and Chapman has had to do 

 the same. 



Chapman has shown, indeed, that even on neurational grounds 

 alone these authorities are wrong. He shows that " the cell does not 

 exist as such in Pal.eo-Lepidoptera (Packard), but is a most definite 

 feature in the higher Neo-Lepidoptera (Packard). In Jli'iiialus the 

 formation of the cell has already made definite progress, and so, 

 treated from a neurational standpoint alone, it is possible to place 

 llcjiialm in the Neo-Lepidoptera, and separate it from the Micro- 

 pterygides." To substantiate his position, he argues: "Supposing 

 the maxillary palpus had been taken as the structure on which to 

 base a classification, we might then have started with the Pal^o- 

 Lepidopteua, progressed through certain Tineina, reached the Pyra- 



