HYBERNATINCr STAGES OF BRITISH BUTTERFLIES. lOl 



The other doubtful species are ri/iai)icis cardHiaml Aiiosia archippm, 

 and, strange to say, these two species exhibit exactly parallel habits in 

 the Old and New Worlds respectively, and what is said about one applies 

 equally to the other. Both are said by authors to hybernate in the 

 imago state. No author has ever adduced an atom of direct evidence 

 that either species does so, except Scudder, in the case of A. arckippui^, 

 whose statement that woodmen sometimes detect a colony hybernating 

 in a hollow tree wants verifying. It is possible that in the sub- 

 tropical homes of both species they are continuously brooded, and that 

 such hybernation as each is capable of is passed in the larval state. 

 Probably neither P. canlni, in temperate Europe, nor Auosia archipiius, 

 in temperate America, can hybernate at all. All individuals that arc 

 found there when winter approaches are exterminated, be they imago, 

 egg, larva or pupa. The temperate regions of the Old and New Worlds 

 are continuously populated by specimens which migrate in spring from 

 the sub-tropical haunts of /'. cardiii and A. arcJu'pinis respectively, and 

 their progeny, emerging in the summer, attempt to be continuously 

 brooded, and are exterminated fortliAvith [Culiafi cdusa and C. hi/ale 

 are exactly parallel cases in Europe] . 



The hybernating stage of most of the Satyrid/e has long been 

 beyond doubt, but still that of some few species has been uncertain 

 until very recently. Those that were certainly known in 1879 were : — 



Coenottympha tiplion. — Larva. 



ApatHva iris. — Lai'va. 

 Hipparchia sonde. — Larva. 

 Epinephelc ianirci. - Larva. 

 Epinephclc tithonitit. — Larva. 



Enodia Injpennitlius. — Larva. 

 Erehia aethiojhs. — Larva. 

 Melainpini< cpiphron. — Larva. 



Mdintanfut (jalatca. — Larva. 



The uncertain species at that time were : — 



I'aranje mei/acra. — This species Fitch gives, " ? Larva," and adds : — ■ 

 ' ' Two or three Continental authors say that this species ' liber- 

 winters ' as a pupa. This agrees with the present idea as to its near 

 ally (P. eijeria).'' Zeller gives it as hybernating as a "larva" 

 (Stett. Ent. Zeit., xxxviii., 307). Newman is correct in giving this 

 species as hybernating in the larval stage. Hellins discovered that the 

 insect hybernated in the larval stage in 1881. 



Parari/e epcria. — Fitch gives " ? Larva." Newman [Ent., iii., 217) 

 says that it " remains as a pupa throughout the winter;" in J hit. 

 Butts., p. 86, he says, " the caterpillars hybernate early, and are full-fed 

 by the endof the following March." The caterpillars do not hybernate 

 " early," although they hybernate small. Fitch inclines to the 

 hybernation as a pupa, and says : — " From present information 

 the earlier account appears to be correct." This is not so ; the larva 

 hybernates and commences feeding very early in the spring. Hellins 

 knew that it Avas the larva that hybernated as early as the winter of 

 1872-1873. Probably Newman knew this, and hence his change of 

 opinion. It is strange that Fitch did not. Greene says that he has 

 " several times met with the pupa of P. ar;p'ria suspended from blades of 

 grass when digging at the roots of trees. It is of a beautiful grass-green 

 colour, and passes the winter in the pupal state." We have not the 

 remotest doubt that if these pupae were found in autumn they would 

 have emerged the same autumn, and if in spring that they had spent 

 the winter as larvae. 



Coenonympha pamphilus. — Fitch gives " ? Larva." Newman does 



