Il8 Tilt; entomologist's record. 



ground just at the back of our lodgings. I set eighteen dozen insects, 

 for they swarmed from nine to ten o'clock, so as to make the rushes 

 (JioicHs t'ff^nsi(s) look full of various coloured flowers. I could have 

 taken hundreds every evening, for they sat perfectly still, extracting 

 something from the heads of these rushes — then past flowering, and all 

 I had to do was to make a selection and box all I wished for" 

 (Skepper). 



29. — Refer to Knt. lire, vol. i., p. 117, for a series of " Practical 

 Hints " as to " Field work in July ," by Mr. W. H. Tugwell. 



\^ C I E T I E S . 



City of London Entomological and Natural History Society. 

 — May 19th, 1H96. — Exhibits: — Mr. Tutt : Buttekflies bkkd from 



PUP^ WHICH HAD BEEN SUBJECTED TO DIFFERENT TEMPERATURES, and read 



the following notes by Mr. Merrifield : — " Goneptektx rha:mni. The 

 specimens are divided into tAVO batches. (1) The pupae of the first batch 

 were subjected to high temperature. These show an increase of yellow 

 scales in the female, probably caused by temperature, but not enough 

 individuals were bred to be certain that this was so. (2) The pupae 

 of the second batch were subjected to low temperature. These speci- 

 mens show a reduction of the orange spot on the disc of the fore- 

 wings. This resembles var. fai'iiidxd and var. jicpalfusis. Pykameis 

 atalanta. (1) The pupje of the first batch were subjected to high 

 temperature. The result is a broadening of the scarlet band, which 

 is also very bright in tint ; whilst scarlet clouds and patches appear 

 on parts of the wing, ordinarily black. On the underside the forced 

 specimens are seen to have somewhat pale areas. On the costa and 

 outer margin of the hind-wings, these pallid areas are much increased 

 in the imagines from cooled pup^e. (2) The pup;^ of the second lot, which 

 I have sent for comparison, were subjected to low temperature. These 

 have the scarlet band narrowed, and broken by dark nervures ; they are 

 also of a much duller tint, whilst the white markings are much increased. 

 Aglais URTic.E. (1) Some specimens of true A. urtirat' var. iclmusa, 

 from Southern Europe, of an exceedingly bright hue, but with the three 

 well-developed discal spots of the type obsolete. An ordinary British 

 specimen of the same species, for comparison. (2) Specimens bred 

 from English pup;e, which have been subjected to high temperature. 

 These exhibit a tendency [a) for the three (discal) spots to disappear ; 

 {b) for the colour to become brick-red and increase its area, especially 

 near base of hind-wings ; (<■) for the outer border to become narrow, 

 tapering towards the anal angle of the fore-wings; ('/)to light colour of 

 outer border ; [c) for the wings to be less angulated. (3) Some ex- 

 amples, the pupte of which were exposed to low temperatures, for 

 comparison. These are also British examples, part from a brood of 

 ordinary English specimens ; but one or two, probably Scotch, from 

 a brood slightly darker than ordinary English specimens. It will be 

 observed that these are all very dark, the area of the red colour very 

 much restricted, and the discal spots much increased in size. It will 

 be observed that the high temperature specimens show some approach 

 to var. ir/inusa, although not exactly the same. The low temperature 

 examples show some approach to var, jxilaris, Euvanessa antiopa. 



