BOMBYX QUEKCUS AND BOMBYX CALLUN^. l61 



Insects. We ought to know from the propagators of the climatic 

 theory what they consider the Northern limit of the type or Southern 

 race, or the altitude above which it does not occur ; and we also 

 require an undoubted example of that race, in the shape of an imago 

 that has hybernated one winter as a larva, and another winter as a 

 pupa. If the type occurs in Scotland as it does in Lancashire and 

 Yorkshire, and carries out its metamorphoses in 12 months there, as 

 in the South of England, the climatic theory is shaken to its 

 foundation. 



The pupa of Coenonympha pamphilus, with notes on its colour- 

 changes just previous to the emergence of the imago. 



By J. W. TUTT, F.E.S. 

 A pupa of C. iiaiiipliiliifi, received by me from Mr. S. G. C. Russell, 

 on June 5th, from a larva which had hybernated the previous Avinter 

 (egg laid in June, 1895), had been then in that stage about a fortnight. 

 It was of a delicate pea-green colour dorsally, slightly glaucous on the 

 sides of the well-developed meso-thoracic ridge. The skin is covered 

 with tiny pale green rugosities, most abundant on the meso-thorax. 

 The anterior edge of the face is bounded by a convex whitish ridge, 

 and the two abbreviated nose-horns. The bases of the antennae are 

 dorsal. The lunular glazed eye is on the outside of the base of the 

 nose-horns. The pupa is slightly depressed on either side where the 

 antenna passes from the dorsal to the ventral area. A sharp, raised 

 white ridge runs along the inner margin of the wing. The pupal 

 neuration is distinctly marked by slightly depressed furrows. These end 

 with " Poulton's line," which is at some distance from the edge of the 

 wing. The pro-thoracic spiracle is dorsal, placed on the marginal edge of 

 thepro-and meso-thoracic segments, and is very inconspicuous, being of 

 the same hue as the ground-colour. The meso-thorax is ridged medio- 

 dor sally ; the extreme apical margin of the ridge is grooved longi- 

 tudinally, and the groove is continued as a darker green line, over the 

 pro-thorax to the head. The 1st abdominal segment is small, and 

 there is a movable joint between the 4th and 5th abdominal segments. 

 Two inconspicuous pale yellow tubercular dots are placed one on each 

 side of the slightly darker green medio-dorsal line, towards the back of 

 each segment. Ventrally, there is a depression under each nose-horn. 

 The first pair of legs short, the second pair long, extending to the knob 

 of the antennffi. The latter extend to the tips of the wings, the tongue 

 beyond them overlapping, the upper part of the 5th abdominal seg- 

 ment. The cremaster is strongly built, with a stout lateral ridge, 

 plentifully supplied with hooks, so that it suspends itself freely from 

 an anal silken pad without the larval skin being attached. 



On June 8th (9 a.m.) , the dorsal waist formed by the depression of the 

 meta-thorax and 1st abdominal segment had become dark green in 

 colour, the meso-thoracic ridge Avas paler, and the abdomen bright 

 green. The wings were brown, with a slight tendency to purplish, the 

 fore-wings extending beyond Poulton's line to the margin of the wing. 

 There were also distinct traces of the hind-wing along the inner margin 

 and at the anal angle. The maxilhe and legs dark green. The 

 antennae paler, somewhat yellowish. 



On June 9th (9 a.m.), the wing-covers, thorax, etc., showed 



