238 THE entomologist's record. 



OlOTES ON LIFE-HISTORIES, LARV^, &c. 



Changes in the colour of the Pupa of Epinephele ianira just 



previous to emergence, with some incidental observations 



on the Pupal structure. 



By J. W. TUTT, F.E.S. 



The typical pupa of Kpincphde ianira is well-known, but the 

 changes in its coloration previous to the emergence of the imago are 

 probably not so well-known. The wings are perhaps always rather 

 yellower than the rest of the pupa, which is of a delicate green. The 

 foll(3wing notes were made from a pupa sent to me towards the end of 

 May, byMr. Wolfe, of Skibbereeu, co. Cork. 



On June 8th, the green pupa of E. ianira had become largely 

 yellow. Dorsalli/. — The central mesothoracic ridge is yellow, bifur- 

 cating into a double dorsal yellow line, terminating at the cremaster. 

 The incisions of the segments are greenish. A pair of red-brown 

 tubercular dots are conspicuous at the back of each segment. Latrralli/. 

 — The wings are yellow (very pale), with a raised ridge along the 

 inner margin, edged (dorsally) Avith brown. Another broAvn line runs 

 froi^i the base to the centre of the outer margin of the wing ; a short 

 brown line lies near the apex. Vcntralhj. — The nose-horns are very 

 pale ; the tongue and legs yellow; the antennjie, slightly orange. The 

 abdominal segments green. The tongue extends slightly beyond 

 the antenna' and the tip of the wings. The antennae do not quite 

 reach the tips of wings. The larval skin is attached to the cremaster, 

 the larval head lying on the ventral part of the 6th abdominal 

 segment of the pupa. 



On the morning of June 9th (9 a.m.), the Avings and legs had 

 become somewhat orange tinted, the antennae Avere of a someAvhat 

 deeper orange hue. The dorsal area and abdominal segments were 

 greenish-yellow. 



On June 10th (9 a.m.), the wings Avere of a deeper orange hue, 

 Avith a strong tinge of brown about the basal area and towards the 

 apex of the Aving. There was also a slight trace of the apical ocellated 

 spot. 



On .June 11th (9 a.m.), the pupa Avas entirely black. The head, 

 Avings, thorax and abdomen thinly dusted AA'ith AA^hite as with flour. 

 The pupal skin, especially that of the legs, antennte and maxillae 

 evidently transparent. The dark colour of the imaginal Avings, the 

 orange blotch and pupilled spot, all distinctly A'isible through the 

 pupal skin. The three dark streaks belonging to the pupa, viz., (1) 

 along the dorsal edge of the ridge along the inner margin of the Aving, 

 (2) the longitudinal streak across the centre of the Aving, (8) the 

 short streak near the apex all dark, and AA'ithout the dusted appearance 

 the remaining skin of the pupa has. The dark colour of the pupa at 

 this stage shoAvs up a number of Avhite spots on the skin of the pupa, 

 of Avhich the tAvo rows representing the anterior and posterior trape- 

 zoidals are very conspicuous, the former, at the front of each segment 

 and not far removed on either side from the medio-dorsal line, the 

 latter, at the back of the segment, and further separated than the 

 anterior. The anterior trapezoidals are not visible until the imaginal 

 coloration approaches maturity. The movable incision betAveen the 

 abdominal segments 4 and 5, is stretched considerably just before 



