NEtJRATlON OF TiiE ftHOPALOCERA. 



fied in the lower Nymphalid;e, in which the cubitus-anal connection 

 becomes a cubitus blotch, the anal nervule becomes abortive, and the 

 sub-costal radius connection (area) is much reduced (Plate I., fig. 2) ; 

 they are totally lost in the higher Pierids and Nymphalids. In 

 general form of neuration, however, the Fam. Papilionid^ differs largely 

 from all other families of the Rhopalocera, in having a fore-cubitua 

 nervure with four nervules. It possesses only one media nervule 

 (fore) as such, i.e., attached directly to the transverse nervure which 

 forms the discoidal cell. In the general form of neuration, Nymph- 

 alids, Pierids and Lycsenids agree in having the fore-cubitus nervure 

 with three nervules. The Nymphalids have two fore-media nervules, 

 as such, and throughout the family these are retained. Danaidi (fig. 

 2) is one of the lower Nymphalid tribes ; it has the cubitus blotch, an 

 abortive anal nervule, and a modified sub-costal radius connection. 

 Extremes of modification in this family seem to be the total loss of 

 the transverse nervure which forms the discoidal cell as in Junonia 

 (fig. 4) and Apatura; our indigenous Vunexsidl (fig. 8), and AniynniM 

 seem intermediate, as they retain the cell-vein of the fore- and hind- 

 wings (except Pi/raineis cardui, which has partially lost the hind cell- 

 vein), but have lost the modified Papilionid characters found in 

 Danaidi. The Fam. SATYRiDyE (fig. 5), seems to have evolved close to 

 Danaidi. Its species have a very Nymphalid neuration, and the 

 bases of the fore-cubitus and anal nervules are much thickened. This 

 seems to be a modification of the cubitus blotch and abortive anal 

 nervule. L^?<^oj!j/ta.sm (Plate I., fig. 7) retains two fore-media nervules 

 as such, Euchlo'e (fig. 6) has the same total number of nervules as 

 the Nymphalids — but not the abortive Papilionid characters. Kueldoii, 

 however, has only one fore-media nervule as such, and if " alteration of 

 position often causes one nervule to fork on to another, especially at 

 the angles of the cell," it is evident that this has happened with 

 Enchloe, and all of the Picridi and Rhodoceridi, e.g., one of the media, 

 by attachment to the radius nervure has caused the other radius 

 nervules — which were already forked on to each other — to fork on to 

 it. The Picridi and Rhodoceridi have one less radius nervule than 

 Euchlo'e, and Pieris daplidicc (fig. 8) has one less radius nervule than 

 tpyical Picridi. Ncmcobiidi (fig. 9) has a modification of the radius 

 (hind) nervules, and a similar general form of neuration, to Lcuco- 

 phasia, though the Fam. Lemoniid^ shows the same forking of fore- 

 radius nervules as the Pierids and Rhodocerids. ThccUdi (fig. 10), 

 Chrysaphanidi (fig. 11) and Lycacnidi have a higher neuration than 

 Ncmeobiidi. Inasmuch as the Pierids and Nymphalids, etc., have 

 one hind anal nervule more than have the Papilionids — it seems safe 

 to assume that the latter have lost one — and, as the former have 

 modified Papilionid characters, it seems that they must have evolved 

 from a common ancestor, rather than that the Pierids, Nymphalids, 

 etc., have arisen more directly from the Papilionid.e. 



Explanation of Plate I. — (1) Papiliomachaon. (2) Annsia arcMppiis. 

 (3) Polygonia c-album. (4) Junonia orithya. (5) Enodia kyperanthiis. 

 (6) Euchlo'e cardamines. (7) Leucophasia sinajns. (8) Pieris dajjUdice. 

 (9) Nemeobius lucina. (10) Zephyr us betulcic. (11) Chrysophanus 

 phlaeas. 



