T. BTSTOIiTATA (CRKPL'SCUI.AnlA) AND T. CREPL'SCL'LAni A (lUUNDL'LAlM a). 29 



the Scotch crrpHseidaria " {Ibid., p. 162). Mr. Smallwood {Ibid., p. 268) 

 writes : — " Specunens from Perth are hxrger and better marked than 

 any of the preceding, the ferruginous band becoming umber-brown." 

 He also refers (Ibid., p. 269) to the " remarkable fineness of Scotch 

 specimens." In Entiwi., xx., p. 182, I wrote: — ''Ova of T. cirjuis- 

 ridaria, laid during the last week in April, from Perth, hatched May 

 20th. One or two went down June loth ; the others are, with only 

 two exceptions, pretty well fall-fed. I am anxiously looking forward 

 to rearing July specimens of this brood, as a second brood never 

 occurs in a state of nature near Perth. My T. crepwicularia, even 

 from the north, as well as those from the south-west (Clevedon, 

 Somerset), were nearly full-fed larva} when the imagines of T. biun- 

 (lidaria first began to appear in the south (Kent), and, whilst 

 T. biundidaria are still Hying, T. crepuscidaiia (north and south, i.e., 

 from Somerset and Perth) are pupating." I may add here that a f3w 

 specimens of the Perth cre]>usridaria did emerge as a second brood, 

 and were of the dull white-grey or leaden hue of the southern second- 

 brood form. Since then I have bred the Perth insect on three 

 occasions, always with the same result. I wish to insist on this, as 

 the form has, I believe, never been really studied, in all its stages, by 

 any other entomologist. I do not wish to suggest, nor you to infer, 

 that I do not think that T. biundularia may occur in Scotland ; in 

 fact, I am astounded that it has not been recorded from the district 

 south of the Forth and Clyde, and have no doubt that it will be so 

 recorded at no distant date. [Mr. Adkin has shown me a worn 

 specimen of a Tcphm-^ia from Moray, which he thought at first might 

 be T. biundidaria, but careful examination has resulted in Mr. Adkin, 

 IMr. South and myself, concluding, so far as its condition will allow us, 

 that it is T. crrpuscidaria, but as Mr. Adkin has pupa^ from this 

 specimen, we shall probably be able to form a more correct judgment 

 in a short time] . 



Eaference to the Entom. Record, vol. viii., p. 81, will show that the 

 Continental form of T. crepwscidaria is the bistortata of Goetze, that 

 our ochreous spring brood is quite unlike it, and is the abietaria of 

 Haworth, whilst our small, pale, whitish-grey second brood is the 

 ronsonaria of Stephens. I would now refer you to my collection. 

 You will see there that the German and Perthshire series of this 

 species are almost identical, i.e., they are typical bistortata, Goetze. 

 The early-brooded specimens { = abietaria, Haw.) and the late-brooded 

 specimens (= eonsonaria, Stephs.) are unmistakeable. 



I may refer to a few other points. Mr. Tugwell {Proc. Sth. Loud. 

 Knt. Soc, 1889, p. 142) exhibited specimens, and concluded: — 

 '• Although these two insects have a very strong general resemblance, 

 he was convinced, after repeatedly breeding both insects, that they 

 were two distinct species." Again {Ibid., 1890, p. 24:) we read :-- 

 " Mr. W. H. Tugwell exhibited a series of Tephrosia erepmcularia and 

 T. biundidaria, with water-colour drawings of the larvae of both from 

 life, and remarked that, after repeatedly breeding both insects, he was 

 convinced as to their being distinct species, although evidently 



closely allied In every case the insects remain true to 



the parent type, and, although the markings are somewhat alike in 

 both, yet there were characteristic diti'erences, as shown in the series 

 exhibited, and this applied to the larval stage also, and was more 



