ON LEPIDOPTEROUS LARV^. 137 



secondary ones. The Saturnians are further characterised by the 

 union of sette iv. and v., below the spiracle, into a single tubercle, 

 and the absence of the sub-primary tubercle vi. IV. — Bombycids. — 

 Tubercles iv, and v. are remote, audi v. is moved up behind the spiracle, 

 becoming the post-spiracular tubercle. Tubercle vi. is present. The 

 group, as here defined, comprises the Bombycids, Noctuids and 

 Geometrids. V. — Tineiih. — As in the Bombycids, except that 

 tubercle iv. is not moved up, being in line with v. or else united with 

 it. The group includes Tineids, Tortricids, Pyralids, and a few 

 small families, such as Cossidae, Limacodidae, Zygaenidae, Sesiidae and 

 PsycJddae. 



The sub-order, Jugate, needs further study. It comprises Hepialus 

 and Micropteryx. The larvae seem to be characterised by simple setaB, 

 tubercle vi. absent, or replaced by a different set of sub-primary hairs, 

 iv. and v. remote ; but not enough material has been examined as yet. 

 Careful descriptions of all stages of the larvfe of these genera are 

 needed, with special reference to the number and positions of the hairs. 

 The family Thyridac has not yet been placed from larval characters. 



For further details the following papers may be consulted : — 

 Miiller, Zooloqische JahrbiicJier, 1886, p. 417 ; Dyar, Annals Neir York 

 Acad. ScL, viii., 194 (1894) ; Tram. N. Y. Acad. ScL, xiv., 49 (1895) ; 

 Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc, iii., 17; American Naturalist, 1895, p. 1066 ; 

 Proceedings Boston Soc, Nat. History, xxvii., 127 (1896). 



Double=brooded Lepidoptera in 1896. 



By E. F. STUDD, M.A., B.C.L., F.E.S. 



During the season of 1896 I noted second, or unusually protracted 

 single broods, of the following insects. There were, of course, many 

 other common insects, normally second-brooded, which I did not con- 

 sider worth noting at the time, and which I will not therefore include, 

 not having their exact dates : — 



Cyaniris aryialm. — Oi this there was a fairly numerous first brood, 

 which appeared about a fortnight later than usual, and a very nume- 

 rous second brood, which I first noticed on July 5th. On July 12th 

 and 13th, I saw a large number of $ s flying low over the gorse, and 

 constantly settling on it, as if seeking a place to oviposit. Do they 

 ever do this on gorse ? I could not find any ova, but then gorse is a 

 very difficult and unpleasant plant to search. They seemed to have 

 quite deserted the hollies, totally unlike the first brood, which kept 

 high up among them, and rarely came within reach. I saw far more 

 $ s than <? s of the second brood. 



Drepanafalcataria and D. hinaria were taken in May, and again in 

 August. 



Leucania littoralis. — Of this insect I took several specimens, quite 

 fresh, on Dawlish Warren, on August 25th. It was suggested, I 

 think by the Rev. E. C. Dobree Fox who had taken it at Tenby in 

 June, that these would be insects of a second brood, and, judging 

 from their condition, I should say he is right. L. /^aZZfHs.— Newman 

 and Stainton give June to August for this. I took it here in pro- 

 fusion at the end of August and in September. They had undoubtedly 

 only just emerged, for they were in the finest condition, and it is an 



