NOTES ON THE ZYG^NIDES. 169 



cai/inifi, Bdv. fct Led.). South, however, writes that " Lederer has 

 observed that, in Transcausaria (? Transcaucasia, J.W.T.), Z. filijien- 

 dulae, gradually becomes changed into tmnmlpina, Hb., and cJuiron, 

 Bdv. (two insects generally known under the name of Z. trifnlii var. 

 (lubia) " [Ejitoiii., xxiv., p. 284). We do not know Lederer's original 

 quotation, but to say that the six-spotted Z. jiliiioididae gradually 

 becomes changed into an absolutely distinct five-spotted species 

 f transaljJijia, Hb. = charon, Bdv. == mcdirai/inis, Bdv.) is to make a 

 statement for which there appears to be no foundation, and we take it 

 that South's further remark, that nwdicai/inis (= dubia, Stdgr.) " is 

 connected by intermediate links with Z. filipoididai'," is based on 

 Staudinger's diagnosis that didiia has " al. ant. macul. 5 vel 6." 

 We have captured and looked over some hundreds of so-called inter- 

 mediate links, and have found them all perfectly distinct from inedi- 

 cct(/infs, and referable to ochscnheiineri, Zell. (vide, Xutcs on Zi/i/aotidoc, 

 pp. 20-21). The further remark that "our British five-spotted 

 filipnidulac appears to fit here, and is, I think, really referable to 

 dubia, Stand.," cannot be substantiated in the remotest degree, for these 

 so-called ^'ii\'e-s])ottedjdipi'ndulac" are usually referable to hijijiDcrcpidis, 

 St. (vide, ante., pp. 103-107), and show no alliance whatever with the 

 purely Alpine species referred to here as dubia, Stdgr. (=:iin'dica</inis, 

 Bdv.). 



I observe that Milliere unites charon, Bdv., and dubia, Stdgr., and 

 reports of it : " En juin et juillet. Rare an mont Leuze, on M. 

 Bryat, de Nice, I'a rencontree." This author, besides treating dubia, 

 Stdgr. = iiicdicai/inis, Bdv., as distinct from Z. lonicerac, of which he 

 says: " On la trouve en juin dans les garigues," also separates both 

 from Z. stoechadift, Bork. Of the latter, he says: " Elle n'est pas 

 rare a la fin de juin, au mont Leuze, suivant M. Bryat, de Nice. La 

 chenille (7c'., iii.,pl. 107, fig. 1 a 6) vit snv le Dori/ritiuw mfruticusum.'' 

 Milliere, however, makes tmnsalpina, Hb., now generally recognised 

 as a synonym of dubia, Stdgr., as a var. of Z. lonicerae, and makes it 

 synonymous with Zeller's ochsenheimeri, and says of it : " Cette 

 variete constante ne semble pas rare sur les pelouses bien exposees des 

 environs de Cannes." This would suggest that Milliere's own 

 opinion was that mcdicaijinix (dubia, Stdgr.) was a form of Z. lonicerae, 

 his separation of dubia (= charon), as a distinct species, simply being- 

 based on M. Bryat's record of the form under another name, whilst 

 one is not at all clear whether Milliere's stoechadis, Bork., is not 

 really stoecliadis, H.-S., the latter of which is a Cannes insect (and a 

 probable form of medicafiinis), and yet is not mentioned by Milliere. 

 Z. stoechadin, Bork., according to Staudinger, is quite a distinct species. 



I have already explained (Xotes on Ziiyacnidae, pp. 15-21) my 

 reasons for believing that Staudinger's original diagnosis of dubia, 

 so far as relates to its having " sometimes five, at other times six, spots 

 on the fore- wings," was due to the fact that he had united specimens 

 of the six-spotted Alpine Z. ocJisoiheimeri with the five-spotted Z. niedi- 

 caninis, both of which species sometimes cover the same ground, and, 

 I l)elieve, have been said to occasionally pair, although otherwise 

 quite distinct. I have specimens of ochseuhciiueri in my collection, 

 sent out by Staudinger as var. dubia, and I have seen many in other 

 collections. I have captured large numbers of uwdicai/inis in various 

 parts of the Alps, some of which occurred, and some of which did 



