COLLECTION OF SPRING RflOPALOCKRA. 25l 



there is not, even, another brood in favourable localities, is open to 

 question, for records occur in which " March " is given as the time 

 of its appearance in Cairo, Algiers and Bona, the " end of April " for 

 Port Said. It would appear that in North Africa, in suitable places, 

 this cosmopolitan and migrating butterfly has many of the habits of 

 Pi/raweifi cardui, emerging late in September and October (this brood 

 living in the imago state some time), imagines appearing again in 

 March and April, again in June and July, and so on. The habit 

 ingrained into the species in its tropical habitats it carries with it on 

 its migrations, and, presumably, attempts (with the result of some modi- 

 fication) to do elsewhere what it does there with safety, resulting in some 

 uncertainty in its appearance in all those parts of the area where it 

 only occurs sporadically, and, as a result, probably, of its migrating 

 tendency. Another statement made by Riihl may lend support to 

 this view. He says (p. 749) : " Bei Bordighera wurden Mitte 

 Oktober Eier auf Mcdicaf/n sativa (Luzerne) gefunden," which points 

 to an attempt to be continuously brooded. 



Pit'fis rapae. — This species hybernates in the pupal stage, as with 

 us. Some pupte sent to me last winter from Florence, by Dr. 

 Chapman, did not emerge until the end of April in my room, some 

 six weeks later than the time they would probably have emerged in 

 Italy. This suggests that the southern pupte are delayed in emergence 

 in our climate. 



Anthocharifi belia. — Milliere gives " March and April '' for the insect, 

 at Cannes. Norris gives " April 2nd, onwards," at Hyeres {Entoui., 

 xxii., pp. 182-185). Not only did Chapman get imagines in February, 

 but, by the middle of April, he had obtained pupte from eggs laid by 

 these early captured imagines, and these produced the var. ausonia 

 some fortnight after, whilst in Mr. Merrifield's possession. It is 

 possible that the two broods overlap, but Norris' later specimens must 

 have been largely var. ausonia. 



PyviDneis cardui. — I have previously {Ent. Bee, vii., pp. 110-111) 

 given an account of the hybernating habit of this species, so far as I 

 can unravel it. I find Milliere strongly supports my conclusion. 

 He writes of the insect, at Cannes, as follows : — " It is very common 

 all the year, even in December and January," Avhilst Chapman 

 informs me that it is " occasionally seen during the winter, but is 

 then certainly not common." Blackmore says that it was "very 

 abundant in Morocco," in 1869, throughout February, March and 

 April. 



Piirawcis atalanta. — Mr. Wolfe has shown that ri/raDieis atalanta 

 sometimes attempts, in Britain, to pass the winter in the larval state, 

 and details {Ent. liec, viii., p. 4) such an attempt, when, in 1893, he 

 " obtained larviP up to the last day of October, but, although all pupjis 

 and larva? out-of-doors were afterwards killed by the severe frost, 

 indoors, imagines appeared in December, January and (one at least) 

 in February." It is well known that the imago of this species never 

 goes into hybernation in the autumn in Britain until obliged, feasting 

 first on the hop-catkins and later on ivy bloom. Milliere says that, at 

 Cannes, " the generations succeed each other all the year," and, in 

 Morocco, Blackmore records it as " very abundant " in February, 

 March and April. Chapman says that during last winter, at Cannes, 

 " P. atalanta was always in evidence, the same individuals at the 



