Vol. III. 



I. III. - ] 

 iqo3 J 



HUTTON, The Cormorants of New Zealand. 



bar. So that we have a series from P. stewarti to P. magellanicus. 

 We see the same thing in the colouration of the throat and neck. 

 In P. magellanicus both are dark. In P. bougainvillii and 

 P. campbclli the throat is white and the neck dark ; while in 

 P. colensoi both neck and throat are white. Finally, the young 

 of P. colensoi and P. ranfurlyi have the neck black as in P. 

 campbelli, and it only becomes white when the bird is mature. 

 The evidence is, therefore, pretty good that P. magellanicus 

 represents the prototype from which the others have come. 



P. chalconotus is entirely black, but as the colours of the skin 

 on the face and gular pouch are exactly like those of P. stewarti, 

 I look upon it as a black descendant of that species, especially 

 as it has occasionally white feathers on its lower surface. 



The carunculated species from' South America {P. atriceps 

 and P. albiventer), as well as the Kerguelen Island P. verrucosus, 

 differ from the New Zealand forms in having no feathers on the 

 gular pouch, and we must consider them as descendants of New 

 Zealand forms, as they are more specialized. If this is correct, 

 the white bars on the wings and back must have been lost by 

 P. verrucosus. 



Now, if there is any truth in these speculations it follows that 

 our third group of Cormorants came into the southern ocean 

 by South America, from whence they spread to New Zealand. 

 Here they underwent considerable alteration, and these altered 

 forms re-migrated to South America, and some, at last, found 

 their way to Kerguelen Island. 



Ranfurlyi 



Traversi 



Verrucosus 



J 

 Albi venter... 



Kerguelen Island. 

 South America. 



Onslowi 

 Carunculatus Chalconotus V New Zealand 



Stewarti 



I 

 Colensoi 



I 

 Campbelli 



I 

 Magellanicus ... ... South America. 



Supposed Genealogical Tree of the Sub-Genus Leucocarbo. 



P. carunculatus has lost its crest. 



P. chalconotus and P traversi have lost the white dorsal bar ; 

 and P. ranfurlyi has lost caruncles, crest, and dorsal bar. 



