collected in the Philippine Islands. 87 



The only two highland forms which differ and are repre- 

 sented in both islands are Merula and Scops. 



The highlands of North-west Luzon have been, perhaps, 

 as well explored as most parts of the Philippine Archipelago, 

 while those of Mindoro have been only partially worked, 

 and doubtless further exploration will only strengthen the 

 connection with Luzon. Thus the conclusion arrived at is 

 that if a separate province exists in the lowland ornis of 

 Mindoro, it disappears in that of the highlands. 



Luzon, Samar, Leite, and Mindanao are the most eastern 

 of the larger Philippines and form a slightly interrupted 

 chain of land, running almost due north and south. Of the 

 highlands of the last three islands we know absolutely 

 nothing. From Samar only one highland species, Dicceum 

 luzoniense, is known, found at nearly 8000 feet in North- 

 west Luzon ; Samar, however, has no high mountains, and 

 nothing of a highland ornis is to be expected from that 

 island. 



That land-connection existed at one time between these 

 Eastern Philippines, including Bohol, and even Borneo, there 

 can be little doubt. In Bohol, Samar, Leite, Mindanao, and 

 Borneo are found two genera of mammalia, Sciurus and 

 Galeopithecus. Tarsius occurs in Borneo, Samar, and Leite, 

 and will no doubt hereafter be found in Mindanao. In Bohol 

 it may have been exterminated with the forests, but probably 

 still exists in that almost totally forest-cleared island. It is 

 almost certain that these three Bornean genera do not occur 

 in any other of the Philippine Islands ; they are wanting in 

 Luzon, the land-connection between that island and Northern 

 Samar having been washed away before these mammals 

 extended so far north. The results of this connection are, 

 however, still visible in the Luzon ornis, as the following 

 seven genera of birds are only found in the greater Eastern 

 Philippines, viz. : — Bubo, Irena, Poliolophus, Eudrepanis, 

 Microstictus, Bolbopsittacus, and Harpactes. These are met 

 with from the North of Luzon to the South of Mindanao, 

 Several of these are Bornean, and others, perhaps, are more 

 nearly allied to Bornean genera than to the Philippines, 



