Hornbill Embryos and Nestlings. 541 



dense wrinkles of the skin^ most prominent on the head and 

 neck, render it a matter of great difficulty to define the 

 exact boundaries of the feather-papillae tracts^ but, so far as T 

 can make them out, they are as follows : — A pteryla capitis 

 clothes the whole of the head with the exception of the 

 anterior half of the eye and a small area below the gape ; 

 dorsally this pteryla can be faintly distinguished as running 

 into the pt. dorsalis, which runs down to the pygidium, 

 broadening in the lumbar region and forking before its 

 termination. The pt. ventralis starts from the throat, runs 

 down the ventral aspect of the neck, and bifurcates at the 

 junction of the neck and body, the branches running down 

 to the end of the sternum. A small pt. femoralis is just 

 visible. The tips of the ten rectrices, of the eleven primaries, 

 and of ten cubitals have made their appearance, while on 

 the manus the upper tectrices majores, and on the cubitus 

 the upper tectrices majores and media, are to be seen slightly 

 protruding. An area, apparently devoid of papillae, is 

 present on each side of the neck (see later). The eyes are 

 still closed, the nostrils lying close under them. The beak 

 is as already described ; the tongue is relatively much larger 

 than in the adult, occupying the greater part of the floor of 

 the mouth. The pygidium projects upward and anteriorly, 

 a position exactly opposite to that which it occupies in the 

 embryo; the opening of the oil-gland is now visible; the 

 cloacal aperture is very prominent. The foot is less sym- 

 metrically disposed than in the previous stage, the plantar 

 surface being turned somewhat outward. As before, the 

 " heel " is very prominent ; it is chiefly on this part of the foot 

 that the nestling rests, not on the plantar, as erroneously 

 figured in Wallace's ' Malay Archipelago ' (p. 105 of the 

 1894) edition). Both ''heel" and planta are covered with 

 small granular scales. The portion of the foot in between has 

 larger, though still granular, scales, which, however, in the 

 adult become scutes. The second digit is bound by one joint, 

 the fourth by two joints, to the third digit. 



Dimensions. — Total length 158; upper mandible 18 ; lower 

 mandible 26 ; neck 30 ; cubitus 20 ; manus 13 ; tibia 23 ; 

 tarso-metatarsus 19; hallux 9; 3rd digit 11. 



