FORirATION OF WOP.DS. 15 



h. Nouns of tlii^< form are somctiincs employod to oxpross coiitoniiit ; ns, <"-iiia- 

 kenia li iwo, tltou art a contcinjttihle pei'son i obirikobiri, a triflm<j iroinav. 



c. When the reduplicated noun begins witli 'i,' it is converted after the })artic]<' 

 into 'u' (§ 16, 3) ; thus, from isiq, service^ we have isiqkusiq, svperstition. 



d. Observe that the vowel following 'k' invaria1)ly has a strong accent, as, 

 eniake'nia. 



2. Li, to liave^ when inserted in a reduplicated noun, implies ownership in refer- 

 ence to a third person ; as, omolomo, cmother ])erm)~i!s child: e. g. ainili omolomo, xve 

 mu-si oiot toliip anotlier permiis child (lit. omo olomo, the child of the child-ovmer'). 



3. Ri, ever^ only ; as, ^yer^ye, ever living (from jlye, the -^tate of heing alive) ; 

 medziredii, onli/ tvjo (from medzi and edzi, two). 



4. De, to ; as, owodowo, tradition (lit. owo de owo, iiaiid to h((i/d). Ati, froiv^ 

 is sometimes prefixed to nouns of this form ; as, atiraijdiraij, g('iiC{d(>gi/ (lit. ati irai) 

 de irai), from generation to generation'). 



5. lyi (perhaps i. q. eyi, tliis-) makes a noun emphatic ; as, ekuru-iyokuru, tlie 

 dust, this dust, i. e. the very dust. 



JVouns formed hy Composition. 



§ 57. Two nouns are occasionally compounded together, the qualifying term or 

 possessor being 2)laced last, which is the reverse of the English order ; as, omo ohir), 

 a follotoer, a disciple (from omo, a child or servant, and ehii], the Lack) ; odzil on a 

 (eye road), a gate', oluso dgutai) (ivatcher sheep), a sheplurd ; ile tubu (Jwuse 

 prison'), a jail. 



§ 58. A whole phrase is frequently united to form a noun ; as, afiljikpore, an 

 iingrateful person (from a, lie, fi, p%d, ibi, evil, kp6, to call, ore, good) ; agabagebe, 

 a douhle-dealer, a hijpocrite (from a, le, guq, rlind>-s; aba, tlie crib or lam, gui], 

 climhs, hhe, the yamdiiU). 



§ 59. Many nouns in 'a' are compounded with verbs to form new abstract 

 nouns ; as, asdl^, escape (from asil, a running, and 1^, to he safe) ; afet/ir), perfect 

 love (from afe love, and tdq, to he completed) ; asedzu, excess, as to conduct (from 

 ase a doing, an action, and diu, to surpass). 



§ 60. Adverbs also are attached to this class of nouns in the same manner ; as, 

 akped^o, « congregation (from akpe, a calling, and dzo, togetlier) ; agbesoke, a 

 lifting np (from agbe, a lifting, and s6ke, iq)) : e. g. gbe e li agbesoke, lift it as 

 to a lifting vp, for gbe e soke, lift it np. 



§ 61. To exhibit the various regular methods of forming nouns and verbs from 

 a verbal root, we sulijoin the following list of woi-ds regulai'ly derived from gAq, 

 to despise : 



1. Nouns formed by attaching a single prefix to the root or by reduplicating it : 

 agj\r), one toho despises or ^o]w is despised, ; the state of heing despised, cmdempt ; 



the act of despising. 

 ig^q, tlie act of despising • a despiser. 

 or)g;\i}, a despiser. 



atigar), a de\pising • as an infinitive, to despise, to he de-^pi-s^ed . 

 gigai], a de-pising, tliat mjiich '/.<? dfspi-^ed • as an infiniti\'e, ta despi-sc or he 

 despised. 



