16 ETYMOLOGY AND SYNTAX. 



gi\r)gi'ii], a despiser. 



aigjxq, ills state of not heing despised. 



2. Verbs formed from aghx), ig<^q, and aigili], by prefixing the verb dii, to make ; 

 dzo, to he; ]i, to have ; mo, to Tcnow or experience; or ^e, to do^ to act: 



dagiYi), to cause contempt or Imtred. 

 d^ag^i), to he de^spised. 



Ji'Sf^^' \ to he despised 

 ligjYq, ^ 



magi\q, ^o he despised; to experience hatred or contempt. 



sagilq, to ^6 despised; to despise. 



laig^q, to he not despised. 



saig^q, to he not despised., to despise not. ' 



3. Nouns formed from these verbs by the prefixes 'a,' 'i,' and 'ati.' It seems 

 unnecessary to write these nouns; but observe that instead of aligt\r), a despiser^ mie 

 who is despised, we frequently hear oligflq, olugili], and onigaq. Adagaq, one tclio 

 causes contempt., may be changed into onidagai) ; and in hke manner ' oni ' may 

 be prefixed to dzagaq, sagjir), and saigaq, instead of ' a.' 



DERIVATION OF ADVERBS. 



§ 62. In the Yoruba language many abstract relations, as those of time and 

 place, are expressed by nouns ; as, oni, tlm day ; ana, the day hefore to-day, yesterday; 

 ola, the day after to-day, to-morrow ; ibi, this place ; ibe, that pilace. These nouns 

 are formed into adverbs by prefixing li or ni, in ; as, li oni or loni, to-day ; li 

 ola or lola, to-niorrom ; ni ibe or nil>e, there, <fec. 



§ 63. Adverbs of time expressing the idea of recurrence or repetition are 

 formed by reduplicating the first syllable of a noun expressing time, and then 

 prefixing li or ni, in; as, od;^o, a day; od^od^o, day after day ; lodiodio, daily. 

 So from osu, a month, we have ososu and lo^osu, monthly, &c. 



§ 64. A few adverbs are formed by combining several words ; as, nigbagbogbo, 

 ahoaajs (from ni, in, igba, time, gbogbo, all or every) ; nitorikini ? wherefore ? 

 (from niti, in, as to ; ori, reason or caiise ; kini, wlmt) ; boy^^, perhaps (from bi, 



§ 65. Many adverbs consist of a reduplicated syllable or word; as, gogo, aliJce ; 

 gldigiAi, very ; goigoi, .s?»f/f//s7^Zy; 'ksn^kaj), c/u icily ; fiofio, ^^er?/ (high). It is pro- 

 bable that all such adverljs were originally nouns,' formed by reduplicating the 

 entire verbal root. 



§ 66. Although the adverbs are quite numerous, there are some relations which 

 none of them definitely express ; and hence both verbs and nouns are frecpently 

 used adverbially, as in the following cases : 



1. For want of an adverb to express the idea of more, the verb d^.u, to swpass, 

 is employed in that sense ; as, dara d.i\\ {good surpassing), more fjood or hetter ; iwo 

 Ais(^ d^u mi, you work more than I. Sometimes loh, to go, is added ; as, iwo si^e 

 (\i\i mi loll ; but it makes no perceptilile addition to the sense. 



2. The adverb sokai], together, expresses the idea of unison or congruity, rather 

 than that of Ix-ing or acting in common; and lience to denote the latter idea, the 



