22 ETYMOLOGY AND SYNTAX. 



2. The same forms are used after a so-called compound verb, consisting of a verb 

 and a noun (§ 36), wlien, although the pronoun is rendered into English as an 

 objective, it really stands in the relation of possessor to the noun ; as, mo beru re, 

 I fear Jam; lit. mo ba eru re, I meet tlie fear of Idin or his fear. 



EMPHATIC AND REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS. 



§ 92. The personal pronouns are augmented by the addition of several words 

 equivalent to the English word self, selves, etc., as follows : 



1. Nd, that, added to a pronoun makes it emphatic ; as, emi nd, I myself ; iwe ti 

 emi nd, iny own hooh. 



2. Ara, hocly or self, is used only before possessives, and performs two offices: 



a. Before a singular possessive it makes the pronoun reflexive ; as, o fe ara r^, 

 he loves himself. 



h. Before a plural, it often makes the pronoun reciprocal ; as, nwoq fe ara wog, 

 tliey love each other. 



3. Tikara (composed of ati, a/w/, eki, only, and ara, self), sometimes pronounced 

 tikala, is employed before possessives, and forms emphatic pronouns ; as, emi tikara 

 mi m6 {I and-onUj-self my hiow), 1 myself hioio ; eqyiq tikara nyiq ri, ye your- 

 selves see. 



4. Kpakpa, self, is added either to a nominative or objective pronoun, and ren- 

 ders it emphatic ; as, iwo kpakpa, tJiee thyself. Kpakpa is more definite than nd, 

 lieing equivalent to very self. Sometimes tikara with its possessive pronoun is 

 followed by kpakpa; as, iwo tikara re kpakpa, tliee thyself or thy very self. 

 But the expression ' iwo kpakpa ' appears to be equally strong without the addition 

 of ' tikara re.' 



§ 93. Each of the foregoing expressions may be used in conjunction with nouns, 

 as follows : babd nd ri — l^abd ara re ri — babd tikara re ri — babd kpakpa ri — babd 

 tikara re kpakpa ri ; each of which sentences signifies, father 7ii?)iself sees. 



PLEONASTIC USE OF PRONOUNS. 



§ 94. Personal pronouns which would be superfluous in English are frequently 

 employed in Yoruba, as in the following cases : 



§ 95. 1. When a verb is separated from its nominative by intervening words ; 

 as, okoqri kaq oloro 6 ni iridi;u kaq {mail one rich he had steward one), a rich man 

 had a steumrd. 



2. When the objective noun is separated from the governing word by a relative 

 clause, an objective pronoun is supplied after the governing word, whether it be a 

 verb or a preposition ; as, omo, ti o 16h oko, ekuq mu u {the cliild, who he went to- 

 tlie-farm, a leopard caught him), a leopard caught the child who went to the farm ; 

 alagbe, ti o koqriq li ode ni, mo fi i f u {tJie beggar, wlio lie sang at the door it-is, I 

 gave it to), I gave it to the beggar wlw sang at the door. 



§ 96. Pleonastic 6 or 6, lie, she, it, frequently occurs before verbs : 



1. When ti, w/«?, which, is the subject of a relative clause ; as, fenia ti o de {the 

 person who he came), the person ivho came ; eqyir) ti o mo, ye who hion\ 



2. After ni or li, this one, tluit one, when employed as a substitute for the relative 

 ti ; as, euia li o sina, a people who err. 



