38 ETYMOLOttY AND SYNTAX. 



forms arises from two causes : first, fi'om tlie use of synonymous words, as ' o ' and 

 ' iwo '; and, secondly, from redundant words, as ' ki o ' and ' se.' 

 § 163. On the use of the above forms observe : 



1. That 'ma' denotes continuance (§ 137, 3). 



2. 'Ki' denotes that, and ki 6, tluit he (§ 144, 2) ; so that the forms with 'ki' 

 are analogous to the French construction, quHl voie^ qiCil ne voiepas. 



3. ' Mdh ' means not, and is employed instead of ' ko ' in the Imperative and in 

 some other connexions. 



4. The verb se, to do, is frequently employed pleonastically after mAh, not ; as, 

 mdh se loh, do iiot go, instead of mah loh. 



INFINITIVE MODE. 



§ 164. The Infinitive Active is regularly and usually expressed by the simple 

 verb or root ; as, emi fe ri, / desire to see ; 6 qgbero loh, he is thinhing to go / 6 

 doi3m6 woq se e, it fleased them to do it. Frequently, however, a substitute for 

 the infinitive is formed by the verbal nouns treated of in the following sections. 



Verbal Nouns. 



§ 165. The following are the forms of the verbal nouns which correspond to our 

 infinitives and gerunds or participles. 



ii'i, to see ; a seeing. 



ari, to be seen ■ that ivhich is seen. 



atiri, to see or to be seen ; a seeing. 



riri, to see or to he seen ; a seeing. 



atima ri, to be seeing ; a continued seeing. 

 § 166. The form in ' i ' is employed as a gerund : 



1. In the nominative ; as, isode ko ye fu oloko, hunting is not suitable for a 

 fa/r'm&i\ 



2. In the objective ; as, nwoq ko fe isode, iliey are not fond of hunting, or they 

 do not love to himt. 



§ 16*7. The form with 'ati' prefixed is employed as a gerund or infinitive: 



1. In the nominative ; as, atigbo k6 it6, to hear or hearing is not enough. 



2. In the objective, in which case it is frequently equivalent to a simple infini- 

 tive ; as, 6 k6rira atisise, he hated ivorMng or to worh ; d ma die atiye, we eat to live. 



§ 168. The preposition li, in, in regard to, is fi-equently inserted between the 

 gerund or infinitive in ' ati ' and the verb on which it dejiends ; as, 6 ko li atisise, 

 he refused to worh, instead of o ko atisise. The insertion or omission of ' li ' is not 

 always optional : 



1. When the governing verb is composed of a verb and noun, as beru (ba eru), 

 to be afraid, ' li ' is omitted, because the gerund in ' ati ' sustains the relation of 

 a genitive to the noun contained in the verb ; as, 6 beru ati^e e (Jie met-the-fear 

 of doing it), he luas afraid to do it ; 6 mura (mu ara) atisur) (Jie tooh-himself to- 

 sleep or sleeping'), lie prepared to sleep ; nwoq wona (wa ona) ati wo ile {tliey songht- 

 n-ro(ul of-entering or to-enier the-house), they endeavored to enter the Iwiise. 



