268 -^ >>■*'' ''^ ^' T ^^ '-^ ^ ^^ ^' ^' '^ ''" '^ • 



of which are plainly to be seen, especially at the parts where it would be difficult or 

 impracticable to approach with a triturating substance. The lines indicating th^ 

 feathers, grooves of the beak, and other more delicate features, are cut or graved 

 in the surface at a single stroke. Some pointed tool seems to have been used, 

 and the marks are visible where it has occasionally slipjjcd beyond the control of 

 the engraver. Indeed, the whole appearance of the specimen indicates that the 

 work was done rapidly by an experienced hand, and that the various parts were 

 brought forward siuudlaneously. The freedom of the strokes could only result 

 from long practice ; and we may infer that the manufacture of pipes had a distinct 

 place in the industrial organization of the mound-builders. 



Miscellaneous Sculptures. — Sculptures of serpents, turtles, frogs, and other 

 animals, have been discovered in abundance ; all displaying a like faithful obser- 

 vance of nature. 



Figs. 18.3 and 184. These sculptures of the toad are very truthful. The knotted, 

 corrugated skin is well represented in one of them ; which, if placed in the grass 

 before an unsuspecting observer, would probably be mistaken for the natural 

 object. Fig. 184 is in an unfinished state. It very well exhibits the mode of 

 workmanship ; while the general surface appears covered with strise running in 

 every direction, as if produced by rubbing. The folds and lines are clearly cut 

 with some sort of graver. The marks of the implement chipping out portions a fourth 

 of an inch in length, are too distinct to admit the slightest doubt that a cutting tool 

 was used in the work. Those who deem expression in sculpture the grand essen- 

 tial, will find something to amuse as well as to admire in the lugubrious expression 

 of the mouths of these specimens. 



The Frog. — Fig. 185. A large number of sculptures of the frog have been 

 discovered ; most, however, are much broken up by fire. This specimen is carved 

 in white limestone. 



Fig. 186 certainly represents the rattle-snake. Other sculptures of the serpent, 

 coiled in like manner around the bowls of pipes, have been found. One represents 

 a variety not recognised. It has a broad, flat head, and the body is singularl} 

 marked. All are carved in porphyry. Two sculptures of the alligator have also 

 been found, but much broken up by the fire. 



Figs. 187 and 188. Two views of a sculptured stone, representing, probably, 

 the head of a goose ; upon the back is carved a death's head. It is composed of 

 a hard, black stone, and measures three and a half inches in length by two niid a 

 half in height. Found near Hrookville, Indiana. 



