OF THE HUM AN- FAMILY. 159 



are respectively my elder or younger brother, or elder or younger sister as they arc 

 older or younger than myself: and we apply to each other the same terms we 

 would use to designate own brothers and sisters. This is an eighth indicative 

 feature. It establishes the relationships of brother and sister amongst the children 

 of sisters. The son and daughter of this collateral brother are my son and daugh- 

 ter, Ha-ali'-umk and Ka-ah' -vyuk, each of them calling me father ; and their children 

 are my grandchildren, each of them calling me grandfather. On the other hand, 

 the children of this collateral sister are my nephews and nieces, Ha-ya -wan-da and 

 Ka-ijd'-ivan-da, each of them calling me uncle ; and their children are my grand- 

 children, each of them applying to me the proper correlative. With myself a 

 female, the relationships of the children of this collateral brother and sister are 

 reversed, the others remaining the same. 



It will be observed that the female branch of this line, on the mother's side 

 through which we have just passed, is an exact counterpart of the male branch on 

 the father's side, the only difference being in the first relationship in each, one 

 commencing Avitli a father to Ego, and the other with a mother. The same is also 

 true of the two remaining branches of this line, as to each other, and with the 

 same single difference, one of them commencing with an uncle and the other with 

 an aunt. 



To exhibit the relationships of the same persons on the last two diagrams to Eijo 

 a female, it would only be necessary to substitute nephew and niece in the place 

 of son and daughter, wherever they occur, and son and daughter in the place of 

 nephew and niece. All other relationships would remain as they now are. These 

 diagrams are easily read by observing the figures upon the right and left of the 

 father of Ego. The first, for example, in Plate VI, represents my father's father's 

 son, who is my father's brother, and therefore my father ; and the second my 

 father's father's daughter, who is my father's sister, and therefore my aunt. The 

 other figures, except those in the lineal line, represent their descendants, proceed- 

 ing from parent to child. 



If we ascend one degree above Ego in the lineal line, and then cross over in turn 

 to the first figure on the right and on the left in the same horizontal line in each 

 diagram, the rules stated as to the first collateral line will also be found to hold 

 true in the second. From my father to my father's brother, or from male line to 

 male line, and from my mother to my mother's sister, or from female line to female 

 line, the relationships of their children, as well as their OAvn relationships, approach 

 in their comparative nearness to Ego ; but from my father to my father's sister, or 

 from male line to female line, and from my mother to my mother's brother, or from 

 female to male, the relationships of the children of this uncle and aunt, as well as 

 their o^vn, recede in the degree of their nearness to Ego. The object of this minute 

 analysis of the system is to show that it is founded upon clearly established prin- 

 ciples of classification which are carried out harmoniously to their logical results. 

 It is the constantly operative force of these ideas which gives to the system its 

 vitality. 



We have also seen that the first collateral line in its two branches, and the 

 second in its four branches, are finally brought into and merged in the lineal hue; 



