170 SYSTEMS OF CONSANGUINITY AND AFFINITY 



CHAPTER III. 



SYSTEM OF RELATIONSHIP OP THE GANOWANIAN FAMILY— Continued. 



11. Dakotan Nations.— 1. Dakota Nations Proper— Tlieir Area and Dialects— Their Transfer to the Plains— Federa- 

 tive Principle among them — System of Relationship of the Yanktons taken as the Standard — Indicative Relation- 

 ships—System identical with the Seneca — Increasing Evidence of the Self-perpetuation of the System— 2. 

 Missouri Nations — Their Area and Dialects — System of the Kaws adopted as the Standard — Indicative Relation- 

 sliipg — Principal Deviation from Uniformity — It occurs invariably on the Relationships between the Children of a 

 Brother and Sister — System identical with the Yankton — 3. Winnebagoes — TheirOriginal Area— Nearest Affiliation 

 of this Dialect with those of the Missouri Nations — Their System identical with the Yankton — i. Mandans — 

 Agricultural and Village Indians — Indicative Kelatiousliips — System identical with the Yankton — 5. Minnitarees 

 and Upsarokas or Crows— Separation of the Crows from the Minnitarees — Their Migration northward to the Sis- 

 katchewnn — Their Dialect — Observations upon the Divergence of Dialects — Minnitaree System — Indicative Rela- 

 tionships — Identical with the Yankton — Principal Deviation from Uniformity. III. Gulf Nations — 1. Gulf Nations 

 Proper — Their Area and Dialects — System of the Choctas adopted as Standard — Indicative Relationships — 

 System identical with the Yankton — Principal Deviation from Uniformity — It agrees with the Minnitaree — Min- 

 nitarees a connecting link between Gulf and Missouri Nations — 2. Cherokees — Their Language and Area — System 

 of Relationship identical with the Chocta — Observations upon the Dakotan Dialects. IV. Prairie Nations — Their 

 Area and Dialects — 1. Pawnees — Republican Pawnee System taken as Standard — Its indicative Relationships — 

 Identical with the Yankton — Principal Deviation from Uniformity — It agrees with the Chocta — 2. Arickarees — 

 Their Area .ind Dialect — Their System agrees with the Pawnee — Reasons for attaching Gnlf and Prairie Nations 

 to the Dakotan Stem — Results of Comparison of Systems — One System in Fundamental Characteristics found 

 among all these Nations — Their Unity of Origin — System of Relationship as a Basis for the eoustruction of a 

 Family of Nations. 



1. Dakota Nations Proper. 2. Missouri Nations. 3. Winnebagoes. 4. Man- 

 dans. 5. Minnitarees and Upsarokas or Crows. 



The two leading subdivisions of the Ganowanian family north of New Mexico 

 are the Dakotan and the Algonkin. They have held this position from the earliest 

 period to which our knowledge extends. It is probable that all of the nations 

 south of the Siskatchcwun Eiver and Hudson's Bay, and east of the Missouri and 

 Mississippi Rivers will idtimately be resolved by linguistic affiliations, into these 

 two great divisions. A large number of nations west of the Missouri also belong 

 to the Dakotan Stem. The two groups of languages occupied about equal areas, 

 and are respectively broken up into about the same number of dialects. Among 

 the dialects of the former language, which is the oldest of the two in the area if 

 the Gulf nations belong to this branch, the amount of deviation is much the 

 greatest, the vocables of many of them having changed beyond the reach of identi- 

 fication, although they still wear a family resemblance. It is also extremely 

 probable, not to say certain, that the two original languages from which these 

 dialects respectively have emanated had become distinct and entirely changed ill 

 their vocables, on the Pacific side of the Continent, before the two streams of 



