OF TKE UUMAN FAMILY. 417 



Avliilst tsze and nexb seem to express more than gender. Whether or not tlie last 

 two, standing apart from 1r, are the equivalents of son and daughter, or whether Ir 

 is understood in each case, I am unable to determine. The reciprocal relationships 

 in the above cases appear to be those of father and son, father and daughter, 

 grandfather and grandson, and grandfather and granddaughter. If this be so, the 

 Chinese possesses the first indicative feature of the Turanian system. Notwith- 

 standing the discrimination of my brother's descendants from my own by means of 

 the terra ddh, this branch of the first collateral line is merged in tlie lineal line by 

 force of the terms of consanguinity, which is an indicative feature of tlie Turanian 

 system, and also of the Malayan. 



My sister's son. Ego a male, I call ivae-sung, which is rendered by Mr. Hart, 

 " outside nephew." Wae signifies " outside," and sung, which originally signified 

 a " daughter's child," with wae prefixed expresses " sister's son." A better render- 

 ing, perhaps, would be " outside child"=nephew. My sister's daughter I call icae- 

 sung-neu, translated by Mr. Hart, " my daughter of the loae-svng class." Rendered 

 as suggested above, it would be "my outside female child"=niece. As the correla- 

 tive relationship is that of uncle, it favors the latter form. My sister's grandson I 

 call icac-sung-sun, and her granddaughter icae-sung-neu, my grandson and grand- 

 daughter of the tcaesnng class. Whether these several renderings are correct is 

 important only so far as it tends to show that the Chinese has a third distinctive 

 and indicative feature of the Turanian system, namely ; that whilst my brother's 

 children are my sons and daughters, my sister's children are my nephews and 

 nieces, Ego being a male. It will be seen in the sequel that this feature does not 

 run through the system as it does in the typical Turanian form. 



On the other hand, with Ego a female, my brother's son I call rcae-chih, my 

 "outer nephew," or tr being understood, "my child of the toae-cJdh class;" his 

 daughter I call wae-chili-neu, my " outer niece," or my child of the wae-chih class ; 

 and the children of this nephew and niece are my grandchildren of the same class. 

 The correlative relationship in the first cases is that of " aunt-mother," sometimes 

 " aunt." If Ave find here, in fact, the relationship of aunt and nephew, another 

 Turanian characteristic is revealed; but with tr understood in each case, my 

 brother's children are my children by force of the terms of consanguinity, whilst 

 the force of the discrimination comes from the qualifying terms which have no 

 counterpart in any other known system. It also tends to show that the Chinese 

 form is still in a transition state from the Malayan to the Turanian. 



My sister's son. Ego a female, I call e-sung, which is not rendered. Mr. Hart 

 remarks that the E here used is composed of two characters, one of which signifies 

 " woman," and the other " foreign," and that it appears in the word E-ma, apphed 

 to a mother's sister. Sung is the same term before considered. This branch of 

 the first collateral line is the same, whether ^^obe a male or female, except that m 

 the former case ime, and in the latter E is prefixed. It follows that my sister's 

 children stand to me a female in the same relationship of consanguinity that they do 

 to my brother a male, except that they are made nearer or more remote m grade, 

 as the terms wae and E are interpreted. My sister's daughter I call e-sung-neu; 

 and her grandchildren my grandchildren of the e-sung class. 



53 April, 1870. 



