OF THE HUMAN FAMILY. 419 



senior father, and if younger, shuh-fii, my junior father. This is a fourth indicative 

 feature of the Turanian system. My father's brother's son I call tan>j-Jieinig-te, 

 "my Hall brother," or my brother of the tang class; and my father's brother's 

 daughter, tang-tsze-mei, my " Hall sister," or my sister of the tang class, each of 

 them calling me the same. As the children of brothers we bear the same family 

 name. I also call them elder and younger brother and sister, according to our rela- 

 tive ages. Since the three remaining male cousins are my brothers in Chinese, the 

 system in these relationships agrees with the Malayan. The son and daughter of 

 this collateral brother I call tang-chih and taiig-chih-neu, my son and daughter of 

 the tang-chih class ; and his grandson and granddaughter, tang-chih-sun and tang- 

 cUh-sun-neu, my grandchildren of the same class. It will be observed that the 

 chih class of the first collateral line here reappears, thus showing that the son of 

 my own brother and of my collateral brother fall into the same class, although in 

 different branches. In like manner the son and daughter of this collateral sister 

 I call lang-wae-sung and tang-icae-sung-neu, my outside nephew and outside niece 

 of the tang class, and their children are my grandchildren of the same class. Up 

 to this point the method of the system is coherent, and its parts are in self-agree- 

 ment. But a deviation now occurs with respect to the children of this collateral 

 brother and sister, Ego a female, which is difficult of explanation ; they are the 

 same as above given with Ego a male. It has been seen that the principle of 

 classification. Ego a male, established in the first collateral line, is carried into the 

 second. Ego still a male ; but Avith Ego a female, the principle established in the 

 first is not carried into the second, as it should be in accordance with the logic of 

 the system. In other words, the second collateral line should be in its male and 

 female branches a counterpart of the first, with the addition of the word tang, ex- 

 pressive of the class, and it is not. It is one of those particulars in which the 

 original Malayan form at the basis of the system still manifests itself. 



My father's sister, if older than my father, and irrespective of the sex oi Ego, I 

 call ku-mo = aunt-mother, and if younger, M-tseay = aunt-elder-sister ; but in com- 

 mon usage, simply ku =^ aunt. This is a fifth indicative relationship of the Tura- 

 nian system. My father's sister's son and daughter I call peaon-heiing-te, and 

 jyeaon-tsze-mei, my external brother and my external sister of the j^eaon class. I 

 also call them my elder or younger brother and sister, according to relative age, 

 using the same terms I apply to own brothers and sisters. In these relationships 

 the system is again Malayan. The son and daughter of this collateral brother I 

 call peaon-cMh and peaon-chih-neu, my son and daughter of the peaon class. Mr. 

 Hart renders these terms nephew and niece ; but inasmuch as they are the same 

 terms applied by a man to his brother's children, with peaon added to distmguish 

 the branch and line, the former appears to be the preferable translation. The 

 children of the latter are my grandchildren of the same class. The son and 

 dauc^hter of this collateral sister I c^W pemm-chih-icae-sung <ind peaon-chih-icca-sung^ 

 ^e^^^my nephew and niece of the peaon class. The children of the latter are my 

 o-randchildren of the same class. With Ego a female, these relationships are the 

 same From the precision with which the same terms are applied m this line 

 which are used in the first, with Ego a male, it still appears singular that the 



