MOUNDS, FORTIFICATIONS, AND EARTHWORKS. 47 



occipito-frontal arch 15.7 inches; parietal diameter 5.9 inches ; frontal diameter 



4.8 inches; intennastoid line 5.3 inches; diameter of face and head 7.8 inches; 

 zygomatic diameter 5.5 inches. The facial angle also is above the mean of the 

 crania of this ancient race, being 81°. Dr. Samuel G. Morton, in his " Crania 

 Americana," gives the following as the results of his measurements of the internal 

 capacity of the cranium in the different races of men: Caucasian, in 52 skulls, the 

 mean internal capacity in cubic inches Avas 87, largest in the series 109, smallest 

 75 ; Mongolian, in 10 skulls, mean 83, maximum 93, minimum 69 ; Malay, in 18 

 skulls, mean 81, maximum 89, minimum 64; American, in 147 skulls, mean 82, 

 maximum 100, minimum 60; Ethiopian, in 29 skulls, mean 78, maximum 94, 

 minimum 65. Upon comparison, it will be found that the internal capacity of the 

 skull now under examination is greater than any one of the 204 Mongolian, 

 Malay, American, and Ethiopian skulls examined by Dr. Morton, and is less than 

 the largest Caucasian by only 6 cubic inches. The skeleton was over six feet in 

 length, and the bones of the extremities were Avell formed and powerful. 



Whilst the occiput of this cranium is somewhat flattened, its shape is more 

 symmetrical, and the oval of the head more perfect, than in the majority of the 

 crania from the stone graves. Two intercalated bones are situated at the junction 

 of the occipital and parietal bones. The lower jaw is massive and coarse, and 

 the teeth are somewhat worn and free from decay. The cranium from the adjoin- 

 ing grave is well formed and large, and bears a striking resemblance to the one 

 just described. As the graves lay side by side, we judged that the individuals 

 to whom these crania belonged may have been related during life. The teeth are 

 well worn and somewhat decayed. The back of skull is more flattened on the left 

 side than on the right; this has caused a greater prominence of the left side of 

 the forehead, whilst the parietal protuberance is more marked, and situated further 

 back on the right side. The effect of this unequal pressure during childhood, 

 or rather just after birth, was to destroy the symmetry of the entire cranium, to 

 alter the position of the foramen magnum, to throw the articulations of the 

 lower maxilla out of the right line, and also to render one side of the face more 

 prominent than the other. Even the symmetry of the lower jaw was destroyed 

 by this pressure, the rami being separated more widely apart than in normal crania, 

 and each ramus presenting a different angle and different length. Tliis cranium, also, 

 is one of the largest and most massive, as will be seen from the following measure- 

 ments: facial angle, 80° ; internal cai^acity, 90 cubic inches; longitudinal diameter, 



6.9 inches; parietal diameter, 5.6 inches; frontal diameter, 4.3 inches; vertical 

 diameter, 6 inches; intcrmastoid arch, 15.7 inches; intennastoid line, 4.8 inches; 

 occipito-frontal arch, 14.8 inches; horizontal periphery, 20.3 inches; diameter of 

 face and head, 7.6 inches; zygomatic diameter, 5.5 inches. Many of these crania 

 had evidently been subjected to considerable pressure during their early growth; 

 and the pressure appears to have been exerted both upon the occipital and frontal 

 bones. In the cranium, the outlines of which are given in Figs. 13 and 14, I 

 observed that the effects of pressure had been so marked as to render the parietal 

 diameter actually greater than the longitudinal diameter ; as will be seen from the 

 following measurements : longitudinal diameter, 6.1 inches; parietal diameter, 6.4 



