INVESTIGATIONS IN CENTRAL AND SOUTH AMERICA. 47 



as much as ten thousand dollars. My answer, that I had no secret remedy what- 

 ever, that my hope of relieving the unhappy people was founded on the possibility 

 of finding the true diagnosis of each case, and then to act accordingly, he took for 

 a subterfuge. 



I must allude here to the general neglect, in those countries, of hygienic mea- 

 sures. Any such contrivances as privies do not exist, excepting in Lima, and 

 perhaps a few in Quito. The streets of the cities and towns are more or less the 

 receptacles of the excrements. The males void theirs in the yard, when they have 

 access to any, and the females make use of the urinal, which is emptied after dark 

 in the street. The hogs perform the duties of scavengers. In Guayaquil is a 

 bathing establishment in the river, with a privy attached to it. To tliis resort the 

 wealthier classes, not for the sake of bathing, but for the use of the closet. In 

 Lima a barrel is placed in a small enclosure on the flat roof. In a hole on the top 

 of the barrel is placed a wide funnel, to which a few steps lead. Personally this 

 barrel is seldom used, but the contents of the night-pot are emptied into it. Every 

 few days it is removed, to be replaced by an empty one, which is done by a private 

 concern especially established for that purpose. 



I found the Republics of Ecuador and Peru rich in archaeological remains of 

 various kinds. Many of the most interesting of them have not yet been described 

 on account of their situation away from the high roads usually travelled by explor- 

 ers. I consider them most interesting on account of their having preserved a great 

 deal more of their original structure than those which have been converted into 

 Christian edifices and have thus lost their original characteristics; such is Cuzco 

 and Casaxmala. 



All the architectural remains were portions of public edifices, and none for 

 individual use, excepting the palaces of tlie Incas. These remains can be divided 

 in three classes. First, roads, together with buildings for the accommodation of 

 travellers, and aqueducts ; second, those of a military character, as forts, fortifica- 

 tions, etc. ; and thirdly, such remains the character of which I do not venture to 

 define positively, whether it were of a religious, social, or political nature. 



It is an interesting fact that architectural remains, found more or less frequently 

 in all the rest of the country visited by me, do not extend quite so far north as the 

 present limit of the Republic of Ecuador. Beyond that I have not seen nor heard 

 of the existence of any. 



From Guayaquil, where I first touched South America, I went to Quito. On 

 the road, near Quaranda, in the region of Cliimborazo, I met with the first work 

 of the ancients. It was a tunnel excavated through a ridge, to serve as a channel 

 for a river. From Quito I went first to the east on the path leading to the river 

 Napo, beyond the village Papallacta, for the sake of studying the formation of the 

 eastern Andes. Descending the road on the mountain Guaraani, the highest 

 'point of which is over 12,000 feet above the sea, I met with a company of Indians 

 from Napo, walking in single file, staft" in hand, carrying their provisions on their 

 backs. They had no dress but a piece of cotton covering their loins. They were 

 young men. slenderly built, rather taller in stature than the other Indians of the 

 country, and with more expression of independence in their countenances. Such 



