INVESTIGATIONS IN CENTRAL AND SOUTH AMERICA. 59 



Another very interesting structure was one, the wall of whi';h commencetl in a 

 ravine on the side of the hill and ended at the top in a semicircle with a turret at 

 each end. 



These ruins are the first in which I found a spring, the course of which seemed 

 to have been regulated by conduits. Several fortified enceintes on the difi"erent 

 elevations had surrounded the whole city, and on every salient angle of the rocks 

 were erected walls. The old stone road of the Incas was passed in a tortuous 

 manner to the top of the hill. 



Outside of these fortifications, at greater or less distances, were many remains 

 of edifices. Near one of these, having extensive dimensions, was a circular well 

 more than twenty feet deep, containing water. The top was covered, except an 

 opening one foot square. Near this opening was the head of an alligator sculp- 

 tured in a porphyritic stone, twenty inches long, thirteen inches high, and ten 

 inches wide. Other sculptured stones representing animals were likewise found; 

 one was in the yard of the house in Whuamatschuco where I was quartered. 



In my going to Marca Whuamatschuco I observed at the base of these hills, 

 away from the road, an entrance built of stones, leading to the interior of a hill. 



Other extremely interesting ruins are those of Viracocha Pampa, edifices dedi- 

 cated to the God of War. They are about three miles south of the town. The 

 entire mass of these structures is divided into two unequal portions by a paved 

 road between them twelve feet wide. The portion on the east side of the road is 

 much the smallest. The western half seemed to be one immense cluster of build- 

 ings with no sign of any road or path for separation. The portion facing the road 

 had two parallel walls eight feet apart. The space between these walls was divided 

 into many smaller squares by transverse walls without any sign of communication 

 between the apartments. The main body of the structure is formed of square 

 apartments of larger dimensions than the first, which enclose again squares of still 

 larger size. Some of these latter measured seventy-six feet in length and seventy 

 in width, and others but fifty-two feet by twenty-eight. It is a singular fact that 

 the many apartments in these buildings did not communicate with each other, and 

 very few had doors. The entire structure is surrounded on the three other sides 

 by large squares inclosed by a single wall, which undoubtedly were used for gar- 

 dening purposes. The standing remains of the walls were not over twelve feet 

 high at any point, and three feet thick to the height of eight feet, above that being 

 only twenty-six inches. They were constructed of rough stones cemented with an 

 earthy mass of sand and small stone — fragments apparently without lime. 



The ruined walls on the eastern side of the road seemed also to have belonired 

 to one large structure, surrounded likewise by gardens. Both parts of these ruins 

 serve as a pasture to sheep, goats, and a few cows. 



Three miles to the southeast from the town is Sason, another ancient city on the 

 top of a hill. In fact most all the hills in the vicinity of Whuamatschuco are 

 crowned with ancient ruins, and on the road leading south a fortified gate was still 

 visible. All this would indicate that this was not a solitary fortress, but that the 

 entire district was a chain of fortified places. 



In Whuamachuco I had likewise occasion to observe the effects produced by the 



