12 FLAIvED AND CHIPPED STONE. 



the notching, and the beveling on opposite sides, as in arrow-heads, is 

 occasionally to be noticed. Quite exceptional ai-e spear-heads exhibiting 

 several notches at the base (Fig. 31 a, brown jasper, Maine; half size). 



c. Stemmed. — Expanding stem, base straight (Fig. 29, quartz schist, Penn- 



sylvania), concave or convex. — Straight-sided truncated stem with par- 

 allel or converging sides, and straight, concave, or slightly convex base. — 

 Rounded or more or less tapering stem (Fig. 30, gray flint, New York) . 



d. Barbed and stemmed (Fig. 31, white milky quartz, Louisiana). 



7. Perforators. — The ruder implements of this class may be characterized 

 in a general way as irregular fragments of flint, etc., mostly of an elongated 

 form, which have been chipped to a point at one extremity, and hence it may 

 be imagined that they assume an almost endless variety of shapes. The 

 pointed part, however, presents, from necessity, a more or less developed 

 pyramidal form. Other perforators are worked into shapes sufiiciently defined 

 to permit a classification. Yet in many cases it is extremely difficult to 

 distinguish a well-made perforator from a slender arrow-head, especiall}^ when 

 the former bears no traces of use at its point. This apparently intact state 

 can be frequently noticed, and hence some persons have gone so far as to deny 

 the existence of North American piercing implements of stone. They forget 

 that the perforating of soft substances, such as moistened hides, would have 

 little effect on a tool of hard material. It is known, moreover, that such 

 implements are still made and used by remote Indian tribes. The more 

 regular perforators may be thus classified: — 



rEKFOKATOIlS (j-). 



a. Almost triangular with broad base and short point (Fig. 32, red jasper, 



Ohio). 



b. Pointed jjart long and slender, and the opposite end expanding and of 



irregular outline (Fig. 33, brown jasper, Oregon; Fig. 34, white opaque 

 flint, Missouri). 



c. Pointed part long and slender, and expanding base indented, presenting 



lateral wings (Fig. 35, light-gray flint, Ohio). 



