URINE OF CHELONIANS. 



135 



The following tables will present a condensed view of all the important results 

 obtained in these investigations : — 



Table showing the Loss of Weight, and the Amount of Urine Excreted by Chelonians derived of 



Food and Drink. 



Name of auimal. 



Emys 



Emys 

 Emys 

 Emys 

 Emys 

 Emys 

 Emys 

 Emys 

 Emys 



serrata 



serrata 



serrata 



serrata 



serrata 



serrata 



terrapin 



terrajiin 



terrapin 





Days. 

 14 

 20 

 20 

 26 

 34 

 45 

 38 

 43 

 56 



Grs. 



20,873 

 34,155 

 41,086 

 30,132 

 38,590 

 17,797 

 14,285 

 18,832 

 12,280 





*% 



•o .i ~ 



°i '- * 



VI o C 



to c 



0> O) ■- 



*- ^ 3 



&~ c 



(1) o o 



^ g £ 



Grs. 

 18,756 

 28,675 

 34,960 

 22,760 

 30,142 

 14,400 

 11,400 

 13,485 



9,255 



Grs. 



2,117 



5,480 



6,126 



7,372 



8,398 



3,397 



2,885 



5,347 



3,025 



i 



T5 

 j, 



B 



1 

 T 

 1 

 4 



1 

 4 



o J 

 ►J 



3 .2 -= 



u a = 



"S3 3 



^ « ai 



o t- -3 

 o « o 



-1 



Grs. 

 6.3 

 11.41 

 12.76 

 10.5 

 10.29 

 3.14 

 3.317 

 5.18 

 2.25 



i 



3 3 13 



1 _ 



3 29 8 

 1_ 



2 8 7 



37S4 

 _ 1 _ 



5 bS7 

 1 



4 3gg 



■JgW 

 1 



64 5 8 



,•3 



5 q 



aj to 



.2. 5 



of | 



■S 3 a 



Grs. 

 442 

 113 

 741 

 223 

 890 

 300 

 300 

 70 

 130 



• 5- 

 ;.2 ja 



■h .2 . 



3 s 5 



IT 

 _1 



352 

 1 



S 5 



T35- 



4 4 



1 

 iT 



iV 

 1_ 



1 



Grs. 



1.315 

 .0235 



1.543 



0.357 



1.09 

 .0277 

 .032 

 .0067 

 .0096 



qj a> t. <s 



| s o a 



a v o o 



- - ^ 5 



a 1! .g •& 



15 8 05 



TT5TT 0" 

 1 



26627 



1 



1 TSToO 



I 



3 5 3 5*7 

 I _ 



4 2 13 



449456 



_ _J 



27107 3 1 

 _ 1 



1 27 1 gg 



Grs. 

 0034 

 .00187 

 .00611 

 .00166 

 .00457 

 .0012 

 .00114 



.00059 



These Chelonians were kept in boxes, and were carefully and frequently examined, 

 and it was found that they never discharged their urine. The amounts, therefore, 

 noted in the table, represent all that was excreted during the period of their con- 

 finement. . 



This table shows the slow waste of the tissues of cold-blooded animals, and the 

 small amount of work performed by their kidneys. 



When these animals were deprived of food and drink, the loss of weight was 

 chiefly due to the evaporation from their lungs and skin, and also to the combina- 

 tion of the elements of their fluids and solids with the oxygen of the atmosphere, 

 and their final elimination as carbonic acid gas. 



The researches of Winter, Scherer, and Lehmann have shown that a man, for 

 every kilogramme (15,444 grains) of his weight discharges, on an average in the 

 twenty-four hours, about 26 grammes (400 grains) of urine. From these data we 

 may calculate that the amount discharged per hour, for every kilogramme of the 

 weight of a man, equals 16.76 grains. According to this calculation, the amount 

 of urine discharged by a man, hourly, equals ^th the weight of his body. It is 

 probable that, during thirst and starvation, the amount would be much less. 



By comparing this with the results which I obtained from cold-blooded animals 

 we see that the amount of urine excreted by a warm-blood animal is from forty to 

 several hundred times more abundant than that excreted by a cold-blooded animal. 

 This is true of all cold-blooded animals. 



An Alligator, weighing 76,507 grains, was kept for eighteen days without food 

 and drink, and excreted during this time only two fluidounces of urine. 



I have kept Ophidians for two and three weeks, and during this time they voided 

 their urine not more than once or twice, and then in small quantities. 



