200 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. IO3 



relation between pattern and elevation in .i. apexfidva was noted by 

 Pilsbry and Cooke (1912-1914) and Welch (1938a). No correlation 

 exists between a particular pattern and a definite altitude. 



The shells of area i (fig. 8, p. 195) are near the backbone ridge and 

 would be expected to contain white shells and be part of zone III. 

 However, area i contains lowland dark streaked gray forms although 

 it is at a higher elevation than area 3, where white shells occur. As re- 

 gards moisture conditions, area i is found to be in a section of rela- 

 tively low humidity as compared with most localities to the northwest 

 in zone III. Northeast of Nuuanu near the backbone ridge the rainfall 

 decreases the farther one goes to the northeast (compare Luakaha 

 (upper) with Makapuu, table i, p. 10). 



Region I, northwest of Palolo, shows less variation than the other 

 regions. This is probably due to the fact that the lowland localities 

 are all wiped out and only the upper less variable forms exist today. 

 However, from what is known of shells collected by Gulick and older 

 collectors in the region of Nuuanu-Kalihi, there existed a number of 

 small dark-colored races of shells below the present-day white races. 

 Area 15 is the only area in the Nuuanu-Kalihi region with markedly 

 dark color patterns. 



Little vertical variation is shown in the Halawa section of region II. 

 Area 21 has white shells, above which in areas 22 and 23 the dominant 

 pattern is white but contains yellowish banded and lined forms which 

 are darker than those found in area 21. Two of these rarer darker 

 patterns from area 23 are shown on plate i, figures 27 and 28. 



The shells in area 26 are brown, banded with white, and are lighter 

 in color than those higher up the ridge, which are yellow banded with 

 brown in area 25. Above area 25, the usual color pattern is white. 

 North of Kalauao to Waimano, the lowland areas have shells with 

 brown patterns grading into yellow at a higher elevation and finally, 

 in area 31, into white. In Waimano, in area 34, brown patterns occur 

 which also grade to yellow and finally to white in the upper areas. But 

 below area 34, in area 35, reddish-brown patterns are found, and these 

 occur also in areas 44 and 50. Above these last two areas the shells of 

 the upper areas have patterns that contain more and more white and 

 are less heavily banded with reddish brown. 



North of Waimano, in regions III, Ilia, and IV, the predominant 

 lowland patterns, zone II and lower zone III, are brown or gray with 

 here and there an area of reddish-brown, 3'ellow, or pink shells. 

 Above these in zone III the color patterns are all white. Region IV 

 is the section of the Koolau Range which shows maximum vertical 



