THE SKELETO-MUSCULAR MECHANISMS OF THE 

 HONEY BEE 



By R. E. SNODGRASS 

 Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine, U. S. Department of Agriculture 



CONTENTS 



Page 



Introduction 2 



I. The head and the feeding apparatus 4 



The head 7 



The antennae 9 



The labrum 10 



The epipharynx lO 



The mouth lo 



The mandibles 1 1 



The maxillae 12 



The labium and hypopharynx i8 



The preoral food channel 27 



The sucking pump 30 



II. The prothorax 32 



The pronotum 32 



The propectus 32 



The prothoracic endosternum 33 



The prothoracic muscles 35 



III. The pterothorax 39 



The mesonotum 41 



The metanotum 42 



The propodeum 43 



The pterothoracic pleura 43 



The thoracic spiracles 46 



The pterothoracic sternal areas 48 



The pterothoracic endosternum 49 



IV. The wings 49 



The fore wing 51 



The hind wing 56 



The epipleurites 56 



The mechanism of flight 57 



Flexion and extension of the wings 62 



Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, Vol. 103, No. 2 



