NO. 4 SAN JON DISTRICT, NEW MEXICO ROBERTS I7 



pit or depression in the face. The latter implements possibly were 

 a combination type that could be used either as a grinding stone or 

 as a hammer, the pits or depressions making it easy to hold the stone 

 between the thumb and fingers and strike with the edge. Hard nuts 

 and seeds could be cracked in this fashion and then be ground by 

 rubbing with the flat surfaces without the necessity of changing tools 

 in the process. 



The metates or nether milling stones are of two types. One is a 

 thin slab of stone with a shallow, oval or circular bowl and the other 

 is a deep, narrow, troughlike stone that actually might be considered 

 as boat-shaped. Little effort seems to have been made to give form 

 or shape to the thin examples. A roughly rectangular or polygonal 

 slab was obtained, and a shallow basin was pecked in one face. 

 Through use the basin would be enlarged and deepened. The trough 

 or boat-shaped type, fashioned from large tabular blocks, was given 

 some external dressing, the rounding of sharp edges and the removal 

 of projecting points, but most of the work was on the interior and 

 pertained to the pecking of the groove or trough. The latter extended 

 a greater part of the length and width of the block. The deepest 

 portion was along the center with the bottom curving up toward the 

 ends, the sides being fairly vertical. The ends of the trough were 

 closed, not pecked open as in the case of the Pueblo milling stones. 

 Both of these metate forms are reported for the Jumano and Pan- 

 handle groups, while the first is also attributed to the Wichita 

 (Sayles, 1935) and extends northward into other portions of the 

 Plains area. The difference in metates no doubt accounts for the 

 difference in manos. The circular forms would be used for the inost 

 part with the shallow bowl type, the grinding being done with a 

 circular motion of the hand and arm, while the longer oval examples 

 would serve in the trough form, the grinding being accomplished with 

 a backward and forward movement of the hand stone. 



Materials used in the manufacture of implements consisted of 

 chalcedony, chert, jasper, quartzite, dolomite, sandstone, and granite. 

 The projectile points of the San Jon and Yuma types were made 

 from gray and mottled chert. The points in the third group are all 

 of quartzite, gray, brown, red, or yellowish white. There is greater 

 variety in the fourth group, chalcedony, jasper, chert, and quartzite. 

 Fifth type points were made from gray or white quartzite. The 

 fragment of Folsom point is of dolomite. The snub-nosed scrapers 

 are of jasper, chert, dolomite, and quartzite. Other types of scrapers 

 are mainly quartzite, with a few of jasper. The flake knives are 



