NO. 7 SOHON S rORTRAITS OF INDIANS — EWERS 45 



southwestward push of tlic Black foot j)rior to i8oo. In 1811 an aged 

 Kalispel told David Thompson that he had been a young warrior when 

 his tribe first encountered an enemy war party with firearms. It was 

 a Piegan force in possession of two guns. When they fired the new 

 weapons, the Pend d'Oreille were so frightened they ran and hid in 

 the mountains. But the Piegan sent strong war parties after them 

 to kill men, women, and children, and to steal their horses. He ac- 

 knowledged that his people had no adequate defense against the Black- 

 foot until Thompson traded them guns, which enabled them to regain 

 much of their territory and to hunt buiTalo on the plains again. 

 (Thompson, 191 6, p. 463.) The fact that the Pend d'Oreille were 

 relatively rich in good horses prompted numerous Black foot raids on 

 their camps through the first eight decades of the nineteenth century. 



The Pend d'Oreille were hospitable to the Iroquois and their sim- 

 plified Christian teachings. Some of the Iroquois married into the 

 tribe. Many of the Upper Pend d'Oreille were baptized by Father 

 De Smet and his colleagues at the Flathead Mission of St. Mary's 

 prior to 1846, However, the first Catholic Mission to the Pend 

 d'Oreille was established among the Lower Division, on the right bank 

 of the Columbia River about 40 miles below Lake Pend d'Oreille, in 

 1845. This Mission was named St. Ignatius. The location proved 

 unsatisfactory because of the severe winters and short growing season 

 in that area. In the fall of 1854 it was moved to a more suitable site 

 south of Flathead Lake, on what became known as Mission Creek, 

 in the territory of the Upper Pend d'Oreille. 



Father Adrian Hoeken, the first missionary to the Upper Pend 

 d'Oreille, was very popular with the Indians. Loyalty to the Mission 

 was an important factor in the refusal of the Upper Pend d'Oreille 

 to accept a reservation in the Flathead country of the Bitterroot 

 X'^alley some 75 miles south of their Mission. St. Ignatius Mission 

 was situated within the area of the 1,300,000-acre Jocko Reservation 

 established by the Treaty of 1855. 



The Indians gathered about that Mission were a mixed group. Liv- 

 ing with the L^pper Pend d'Oreille in 1857 were some Iroquois, Xcz 

 Perce, Spokan, Kutenai, Coeur d'Alene, Kettle Falls Indians, Flat- 

 head, and Lower Pend d'Oreille, a few friendly Black foot, French 

 half-breeds, and even several "creoles from the Creek Nation." (Chit- 

 tenden and Richardson, 1905, vol. 4, pp. 1246-1247.) Father Hoeken 

 and his colleagues encouraged the Upper Pend d'Oreille and these 

 other Indians living with them to raise crops in the fertile soil of the 



