NO. 13 SOVIET ANTHROPOLOGY FIELD 3I 



loess-argillaceous soil. At the base of this clay were discovered, 

 during 193 1, traces of an older settlement attributed to the beginning 

 of the Upper I'aleolithic. Here were found nianiinoth, horsr, and 

 saiga antelope. The excavations at Kostcnki I were made by i^. 1'. 

 Efimenko during 1931-1936. Ihe first account of these Paleolithic 

 dwellings was mentioned by I. S. Poliakov in 1879 and by A. I. 

 Kclsiev in 1881. Some excavations were made by S. A. Krukovskii 

 in 191 5. by S. N. Zamiatnin in 1922, and by P. P. Efimenko in 1923. 

 Two nearby sites, similar to the above-described dwellings, were 

 found later by Efimenko. 



64. Kostcnki II. — This Lower Magdalenian site on the right bank 

 of the Don is located at the mouth of Anosov gully, where it merges 

 with the Don Valley. The cultural remains consist of a rich accumu- 

 lation of mammoth bones with traces of hearths. The fauna also 

 included single examples of the horse, hare, Arctic fox, and bear. 

 The implements, mainly made from flint boulders, consisted for the 

 most part of crude burins. The crudest type of bone tools were also 

 found. This site was discovered and investigated by P. P. Efimenko 

 during 1923 and by S. N. Zamiatnin in 1927. 



65. Kostcnki III. — A Lower Magdalenian station on the bank of 

 the Don near the mouth of Chckalin gully ; apparently this location 

 was mentioned by Omelin in 1769. The cultural stratum of yellowish 

 loam, about 2.0 m. deep, lies in a narrow depression in the escarpment. 

 In addition to the mammoth, the fauna is represented by a few bones 

 of the horse, Arctic fox, and hare. The flint tools, of Cretaceous and 

 boulder flint, are small, with primitive chisels prevailing. Rare finds 

 of crude bone implements were made. This site was investigated by 

 P. P. Efimenko during 1925 and by S. N. Zamiatnin during 1927. 



66. Kostcnki IV. — This Lower Magdalenian site stands on the 

 right bank of the Don at the mouth of Aleksandrov.>-kii (I'>iriuchii) 

 gully. Located at the merging point of the gully and the low terrace, 

 which is partly covered with water in the spring, the cultural stratum 

 lies in the clay at a depth of 1.5 m. In the fauna the mammoth pre- 

 dominated, but there were also represented the horse, hare, and Arctic 

 fox. The flint inventory was more diverse than at Kostcnki II and 

 Kostcnki III. A few simple bone implements were excavated. 

 Kostcnki IV was discovered and investigated by S. N. Zamiatnin 

 in 1927 and by A. N. Rogachev in 1927 and 1928. Rogachev dis- 

 covered two large, elongated above-ground dwellings. The interior, 

 slightly below the surface of the ground, was filled with refuse. Each 

 building had more than 10 hearths in one line and consisted of four 

 or five round houses 5-7 m. in diameter, closely adjacent and merging 



