l62 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. IIO 



from the denizens of Tashkent who were formerly known as "Sarts" 

 and are now called "Uzbeks." 



The data on 119 Sarts used by Oshanin had been collected and 

 published by A. P. Shishlov. Both the Khiva Uzbeks and the 

 "Uzbeks" of Tashkent are in equal degree representatives of the 

 ancient Indo-European ^^ type, i.e., of the Iranian physical type which 

 once inhabited the entire area of Turkestan, and was but sightly 

 Mongolized by subsequent stratifications, in the course of centuries, 

 of the Turko-Mongolian tribes. The Uzbeks of Khiva have a some- 

 what greater admixture of this Mongolian element, yet among them 

 the traits of the Indo-European type are much more clearly expressed. 



Accordingly, both terms "Sart" and "Uzbek" will be used in this 

 work to denote the Iranian populations of Turkestan in general and 

 Khwarazm in particular, who had become completely Turkized as to 

 the language, but have remained until this day but very slightly Mon- 

 golized as to racial type. 



During the study of historical sources Oshanin came across an item 

 of information of anthropological character, from the tenth century 

 A. D., which drew attention to the Turkomans. 



The entire factual information regarding the Turkomans used in 

 this work is that of lAvorskii based on a very small series of only 

 59 males. Consequently, the theories herein proposed are presented 

 as a provisional working hypothesis subject to change on the basis of 

 additional data. This hypothesis is based entirely on the cephalic 

 index.^^ The extreme dolichocephaly of the Turkomans stands out 

 amid the brachycephaly of all other peoples of Turkestan. The re- 

 maining Indo-European traits of the Turkomans (stature, nasal 

 index, pigmentation) are given at the end of this article on the basis 

 of lAvorskii's data. 



K. L. Inostrantsev, in his work on the pre-Muslim culture of the 

 Khiva Oasis, quotes Al-Mukkadisi to the effect that the settled 

 Khwarazmians, whose Indo-European nature has been universally 

 accepted in the interior of the irrigated Khiva Oasis, had become so 

 similar to the Turks, who were wandering on the periphery of the 

 oasis, that when Khwarazmians happened to go to one of the neighbor- 

 ing Muslim countries (Mawerannahr,^^ Persia, or Arabia) they were 

 mistaken for Turks, and as such sold into slavery. 



31 In the sense of Homo sapiens indo-europaeus of Giufifrida-Ruggieri. 



32 Boas and Fleming notwithstanding, but with the support of Pearson and 

 Dixon. (L. V. O.) 



33 By this name the Arabs understood the area between Oxus and Jaxartes, 

 with the exception of the Khiva Oasis. 



