l68 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. IIO 



mately equal quantities. It must be remembered that Anau lies far 

 from the area which was first to become Turkized (Jetty-Su), and 

 that it is 2,000 years earlier than the first Turkish appearance in 

 Turkestan. Accordingly, the brachycephaly of Anau cannot be con- 

 sidered to be related to Turko-Mongols. 



Although no information is available regarding the linguistic 

 affinities of Anau, its material culture is related to the so-called 

 Tripolje culture. However, by comparing paleoethnological and his- 

 torical data with the geographic distributions, Oshanin believes it 

 entirely permissible to attribute dolichocephaly to the nomadic tribes 

 engaged in agriculture living in irrigated oases. Oshanin gives the 

 following categories : 



1. Long-headed Khwarazmians were mistaken for Guzes (cf. Al- 

 Mukkadisi) by Iranians. However, brachycephaly was customary 

 among Iranians. During the period of Al-Mukkadisi there were no 

 Iranian nomads in Mawerannahr ; Arabs found no nomads there at the 

 beginning of the eighth century. 



2. Settled Iranians of Khwarazm, who in the tenth century were 

 most probably closely related to the Iranians of Mawerannahr, were 

 originally brachycephalic and obtained mesocephaly only through 

 becoming mixed with the Guzes. 



3. Both Plains and Mountain Tajiks (the latter not having come 

 in contact with Turko-Mongols) represent the remains of the ancient 

 Iranian population and are both brachycephalic (cf. Stein). 



A. P. Berezin's collection of photographs made by Shults in Piandzh 

 included specimens having Assyroid traits, probably representing 

 Homo sapiens indo-europaeus var. brachycephalicus subvar. armeni- 

 ensis. Berezin also found a large admixture of light hair and gray 

 eyes in the Pamirs. 



Surprisingly enough, the Sarts and Uzbeks, who were subjected 

 to a greater Turkization, were less brachycephalic than the Tajiks. 



Reasons for Supposing Nomads Dolichocephalic 



During the ancient pre-Turkish period we find in Mawerannahr 

 nomadic tribes bearing such names as Sacae, Massagetae, etc. These 

 tribes were known to the Greek authors under the general name 

 Saka or Scythians. The fact that these people used a language of 

 the Iranian branch *^ is now accepted. 



^8 V. V. Barthold told Oshanin that this cannot be insisted upon in this cate- 

 gorical form, since the latest investigations of N. Marr indicate the possible 

 Japhetic affinities of the Scythians. 



