174 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 1 10 



from Issyk-Kul. Anthropologically this theory is not satisfactory, 

 since the Kanglas later became a part of the Kazakh Hordes, the 

 Kazakhs being extremely brachycephalic, Syr-Darya Kirghiz, who 

 also contain a Kangla admixture, are also lOO percent brachycephalic 

 according to Maslovskii. 



The tribal names of the Turkomans are of relatively modern origin. 

 The exception is the "Sakar" tribe, the name of which Aristov con- 

 nects with the Sakarauk or Sacaraul, the Scythian peoples who, 

 according to the Greek and Roman sources, destroyed the Greco- 

 Bactrian state. Guttschmidt in his "Geschichte Irans" identified them 

 with the Kang-gu people mentioned by the Chinese historians. Mod- 

 ern historians, however, think that the Sakarauks were a nomadic 

 Iranian Scythian people, while the Kang-gu are identified with the 

 Kanglas.^® Chinese sources quoted by Bidurin state that in the second 

 century B. C. the Chinese sent an embassy to Mawerannahr and 

 Khwarazm to obtain aid against the Huns. About the year 129 B. C, 

 the Chinese Ambassador, Djan Tsan, discovered that the lower and 

 middle course of the Syr-Darya was inhabited by a numerous people 

 whom the Chinese called Kang-gu, whom Aristov identified with the 

 Kanglas. This allows at least 800 years for the Turkization of the 

 Turkomans. Kwarazmians, who now consider themselves pure Turks, 

 were using an Iranian language as late as the eleventh century. Only 

 the g,nthropological analyses of the modern city and country peoples 

 of the Khiva Oasis disclose their Indo-European racial foundations. 



Linguistic and Anthropological Characteristics of the Turkomans 



F. E. Korsh, in his classification of Turkish tribes on the basis of 

 their language, divides all Turkish languages into two groups, southern 

 and northern. The southern group is subdivided into the eastern, 

 including mainly the dead languages, Orkhonian of the Yenisei in- 

 scriptions, Uiguric, Jagatai, and the language of the Polovtsi, and the 

 western branches. The latter includes the Osmanli, Azerbaidzhan, and 

 Turkoman languages. V. V. Radlov also groups the last three lan- 

 guages together as his "southern" group. Korsh suggests the desir- 

 ability of checking his philological classification with anthropological 

 data. While in the main the data agree, some discrepancies are 

 observable on the basis of materials available to Oshanin. The anthro- 

 pological data on the Osmanli Turks are very scanty and sometimes 

 contradictory. They are limited to a few measurements of Turkish 



56 Oshanin wonders when the Turkomans (Guzes), who used the Turkish 

 language as early as in the tenth century, were first Turkized as to language. 



