176 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. IIO 



homogeneous both hnguistically and anthropologically. The Azer- 

 baidzhan Turks ("Tatars") are far better known from the anthro- 

 pological point of view. 



Dixon, who uses Chantre's data (1892), considers the Azer- 

 baidzhan Turks to be typical dolichocephals, standing alone among 

 the brachycephalic peoples of the southwestern and southeastern 

 littoral of the Caspian. Dixon, who compares the data from Kurdov 

 (1912), Chantre (1892), and Shchukin (1913), concludes that the 

 southern types of Caucasian Tatars differ sharply from the northern. 

 According to Shchukin, the northern group is related to the Nogai 

 Tatars and to the Kirghiz of the Volga steppes, having a sharply ex- 

 pressed brachycephaly. Chantre's and Kurdov's Tatars to the south 

 of the Caucasian range are much taller and show clearly the domina- 

 tion of the dolichocephalic element. Dixon (p. 331) thinks accord- 

 ingly that the Azerbaidzhan Tatars are closely related, and regards 

 them as the remains of the dolichocephalic element, originally Indo- 

 European as to the language, which were later "partly Tatarized" as 

 to type and completely Turkized as to the language. 



This point of view entirely coincides with that of Oshanin, except 

 that the Azerbaidzhan Tatars should be regarded not as an inde- 

 pendently Turkized, long-headed Aryan group, but rather as the direct 

 descendants of the Turkomans. 



The coincidence of the anthropological, philological, and historical 

 data will become still more obvious if we remember Eliseev's con- 

 clusion regarding the distribution of dolichocephaly on the Anatolian 

 Plateau, namely, that it is in general most stable in the southeast, 

 barely noticeable in the center, and completely lost on the west coast. 



Beginning in the eleventh century under the leadership of the Suljuk 

 Sultans, the Turkomans terminated five centuries of their penetration 

 of Persia and Asia Minor by conquering Constantinople, Their north- 

 eastern group, the Turkomans [of Khwarazm], have retained to the 

 greatest degree the dolichocephaly of the Scytho-Sarmatians. The 

 intermediate group, the Turks of Azerbaidzhan, have partly lost this 

 dolichocephaly, and the westernmost group, the Osmanlis, have lost 

 it to the largest extent, preserving a slight admixture of dolichocephaly 

 only in their easternmost branch. In this process of replacing the 

 hereditary factors of dolichocephaly by the factors of brachycephaly, 

 an important role was played by the peoples of the "Vorderasiatische 

 Rasse." 



It remains to find out to which group of Turkish languages be- 

 longed the language of the Kanglas, who had completely Turkized the 

 Scytho-Sarmatian nomads. According to Korsh, the Kirghiz language 



