196 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. I ID 



At that time, in connection with the breaking up of the Djuchi Ulus 

 (that is, the domain of the elder son of Genghis Khan, Djuchi Kahn), 

 when the independent Khanates of the Crimea and Kazan were 

 formed in the western half of the Ulus, the Kazakh Federation came 

 into being with the death of Abul Khair Khan in the third quarter 

 of that century. The first to secede from Abul Khair Khan were the 

 Sultans Girei and Djannibek, who were joined by some of the clans. 

 With the death of Abul Khair Khan and the final breaking up of the 

 eastern half of the Ulus, a portion of the clans forming the Ulus 

 joined the Kazakhs who had rallied about Sultans Girei and Djanni- 

 bek. Somewhat later, the Kazakh Federation was joined by the 

 majority of the Dasht-i-Kipchak clans. 



Thus, the Kazakh Federation was formed by various tribes and 

 clans, whose international administration was in the hands of their 

 elders and was based on their separate customary law. 



On the basis of historical data and from the study of the present- 

 day composition of Turkish tribes and peoples, Aristov states that the 

 main tribes forming the Kazakh Federation were : 



1. Great Horde: tribes Dulat, Kangly, Kirghiz. 



2. Middle Horde : tribes Kirei, Naiman, Argyn, Kipchak. 



3. Lesser Horde : tribes Alchin, Baiuly, Jettru. 



In all probability, even while still in the Altai, and later, when 

 coming into Mongolia and into the so-called Kirghiz steppe in the 

 west, the Turkish tribes intermingled in a greater or lesser degree, 

 forming complicated tribal and clan federations. 



Nevertheless, it is most probable that the study of modern clan 

 subdivisions of the Kazakhs will uncover their tribal origin. With- 

 out attempting to treat of the tribal and clan subdivisions of the 

 Kazakhs in general, Rudenko enumerates such subdivisions of the 

 Kazakhs among whom he and his colleagues have conducted anthro- 

 pological investigations. 



In 1 92 1, 496 Kazakhs were measured in the Kustanai canton {uezd) 

 of the Turgai region. These data have not been published. In the 

 summer of 1924 Rudenko measured 20 male Kazakhs in the Chuiskaia 

 steppe during the Altai Expedition of the Russian Museum. During 

 the summer of 1926, 827 Kazakhs of both sexes were measured in the 

 government of Aktiubinsk and, partly, in the Adaevsk canton, by the 

 Anthropological Section of the Kazakhstan Expedition of the Academy 

 of Sciences under the leadership of Rudenko. The following anthro- 

 pometric data give an idea as to the volume of observations : 233 indi- 

 viduals were measured in great detail, 496 in less detail, and 594 

 according to a simplified schedule. The Kustanai canton and Chuiskaia 



