198 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. I ID 



part of the Uzbeks particularly in Ferghana, between Zarafshan and 

 the Amu, and also in Khiva. 



The tribal composition of the Lesser Horde is very heterogeneous, 

 since the Horde was formed of many fragments of various Turkish 

 tribes. According to Tevkelev's Memorandum (1740) the Lesser 

 Horde for a long time consisted of one tribe, the Alchin, which was 

 divided into two tribal groups, the Alimulin and the Baiulin; seven 

 smaller tribes joined the Alchins. These seven tribes formed a union 

 only at the end of the seventeenth or the beginning of the eighteenth 

 century, when Khan Tiavka, who died in 1717, united them into one 

 tribal group of Jettru "seven clans." Of the tribes forming the Jettru 

 group, two, the Tabyn and Tama, are also found among the Bashkirs 

 and the Uzbeks. The investigations covered the Baiuly group (north 

 in Kustanai canton and south in the Aktiubinsk region) and the 

 Alimuly and Jettru groups. 



The above groups are exogamous within clans, but endogamous 

 within tribes and tribal subdivisions. 



Pigmentation 



Skin color. — Using von Luschan's scale, the color of the chest on 

 areas normally covered by clothes: hght (Nos. 7-13) and dark skins 

 (Nos. 5, 6, 14-18, 22-25) were evenly divided. 



Eye color. — According to Martin's scale the eyes were predomi- 

 nantly brown: 85.8 percent men, 96.0 percent women; of that num- 

 ber, 40.1 percent of the men and 62.8 percent of the women had dark 

 brown eyes. There was no significant difference between the tribal 

 groups. More women than men had dark eyes. 



Eye color No. 123456 789 



Baiuly 125 i 12 39" 43 12 12 3 2 i 



Alimuly 143 o 18 47 37 24 2 7 8 o 



Jettru 36 o 2 8 11 7 6 i i 



Total 304 I 32 94 91 43 20 II 11 I 



Hair color. — The hair was dark in the overwhelming majority of 

 cases ; of 448 adult males only 2, and of 402 women only 3, had light 

 brown hair with dark eyes. 



Combined hair and eye color. — The dark type having eye color 

 Nos. 1-5 and dark hair definitely predominates: 90.2 percent of the 

 men and 96.3 percent of the women. A larger admixture of the mixed 

 type was found among the southern Baiuly (Aktiubinsk and Adaevsk 

 regions) and the Jettru men. Comparable results were obtained by 

 Kharuzin for the male Kazakhs of the Bukeev ("Lesser") Horde, and 

 Ivanovskii for the Middle Horde, 97 percent of the dark type for the 



