206 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. IIO 



ments must have taken part in the Turkoman admixture. The first 

 is seen from the similar development of browridges and the inclination 

 of the forehead of the lomuds and of the Khwarazmian Chaudyrs. 

 A Paleo-Siberian admixture among the Chaudyrs would have been 

 expressed in a greater inclination of the forehead in comparison with 

 the lomuds. The browridges of Caucasian Chaudyrs are strongly 

 expressed and do not contradict the possibility of the presence of a 

 Paleo-Siberian complex. 



On the other hand, this possibility is denied by the slight inclina- 

 tion of the forehead. The differences in type between the Caucasian 

 and Khwarazmian Chaudyrs suggest, more or less definitely, the 

 heterogeneous character of the Mongoloid components. Historical 

 data indicate contacts of Turkomans and their ancestors, the Guzes, 

 on one side, with other peoples of Turko-Mongol origin, on the other. 

 Among these must first be mentioned the Kazakhs, Kalmyks (in the 

 case of the Caucasian Turkomans) and the "historical Mongoloids" 

 of Central Asia. Accordingly, it would be appropriate to discover the 

 relative degree of participation in the formation of the physical type 

 of the Turkomans of the Central Asian brachycephals, particularly 

 since the great brachycephaly of the Mongol element among the Tur- 

 komans is proved through an ordinary comparison of group means. 



The Khwarazm Chaudyrs, having in comparison with the Caucasian 

 Chaudyrs a greater admixture of the Europeoidal type, are neverthe- 

 less characterized by a similar height of the nose, a greater percentage 

 with an epicanthic fold, a similar degree of upper eye fold, and heavier 

 browridges. 



To summarize, the Central Asian type is without doubt represented 

 among both the Caucasian and the Khwarazmian groups ; to a certain 

 degree, the possibility of participation of the South Siberian type is 

 stronger in the Caucasus. The differences of the isolated types tend 

 in three directions : toward the Kazakhs (South Siberian type) ; toward 

 Tannu-Tuvans (Central Asiatic type) ; and, in the case of the lomud 

 group, toward the Mediterranean Europeoid complex. 



To turn to another phase of the problem, let us examine the so- 

 called Europeoidal complex. This should also show relationships 

 to the already known type of Europeoids in Central Asia. The char- 

 acteristic group, described by Oshanin and lArkho, was conditionally 

 named the "Pamiro-Ferghanic." The distinctive traits of this group 

 are : brachycephaly, more or less straight forehead, relatively dark 

 pigmentation, and a moderately narrow face (138-142 mm.). How- 

 ever, among the Turkomans brachycephaly is connected with the 

 Mongoloid, and not the Europeoid, complex. The Europeoid complex 



