210 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. JIG 



Bashkirs, etc. Many racial types of the second order entering into 

 the composition of various Turkish peoples may be successfully dis- 

 cerned by different methods of racial analysis. 



Three Mongoloid races of the second order were discovered by 

 lArkho in the Altai-Saian highlands: Ural-Altaic, South Siberian, 

 and Central Asian. 



Rudenko states that the Kirghiz and the Kazakhs belong to the 

 Central Asian stock. They are characterized as possessing in general 

 South Siberian traits, with a small admixture of the European Pamiro- 

 Alpine element, which according to Trofimova becomes increasingly 

 strong in the west. 



In Central Asia, Oshanin and lArkho distinguished brachycephalic 

 Pamiro-Alpine, dolichocephalic Mediterranean,^* and "Vorderasi- 

 atische Armenoid" types. 



In Transcaucasia the Armenoid influence is also found simul- 

 taneously with the Pamiro-Alpine and the Mediterranean elements 

 (Anserov, lArkho, and Debets). 



The admixture of Mongoloid traits, while extremely slight, may 

 nonetheless be traced, as for example among the Azerbaidzhan Turks 

 in Gandzha (lArkho) and the Mughal-Turks of Kakh (Debets). 



In the North Caucasus, V. Levin has described a special "Ja.- 

 phethic" ®^ element, observed also by Debets among the Kumyks. 

 The Mongoloid elements were found to be concentrated among the 

 Nogais and the Turkomans (Levin, Terebinskaia, and lArkho). 



In the Crimea, Pamiro-Alpine and Dinaric elements were recorded 

 by Terebinskaia among the Crimean Tatars. 



Among the Tatars of the Middle Volga region (Debets and Tro- 

 fimova), in addition to a slight Mongoloid admixture (the South 

 Siberian variant), they were found to possess the Eurasian sublappo- 

 noid component element described by Bunak and Zenkevich and also 

 an admixture of the eastern Baltic and the northern types. 



The same component elements were encountered among the Bash- 

 kirs with a far greater prominence of the Mongoloid type. 



The unpublished materials on the Chuvash (Vishnevskii) disclose 

 the presence of distinct traces of the suburalic type of Bunak. 



On the basis of all available data it has been possible to discern 



8* The identification of a dolichocephalic Mediterranean element in Central 

 Asia seems to me of great significance since, in addition to the Mediterranean 

 belt which extends from Morocco to the Pacific Ocean, following a line south 

 of the Himalayas, there must also have been connecting lines of migration into 

 Central Asia. (H. F.) 



^^ lArkho preferred the term "Caucasian proper." 



